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B. Nasal fractures and septal hematoma

B1. Anatomy

(1) Frontal bone, the frontal process of maxilla, the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
(2) Cartilage : Nasal septum, lateral processes, medial & lateral crura of the alar cartilages

B2. Clinical features

(1) Injury์˜ mechanism ์ด ์ค‘์š”
(2) Assess the midface, zygomatic arch, orbits, sinuses, teeth, and cervical spine
(3) Naso-orbital-ethmoid ์†์ƒ์€ ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค (Fig 244-9 โ€“ 8ํŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ)
(4) Malocclusion and palatal instability โ†’ Le Fort fracture (Ch 255์— ์„ค๋ช…)

B3. Nasal exam

(1) Bony crepitus, deformity, edema, periorbital ecchymosis, profuse epistaxis ํ™•์ธ
(2) Orbital injury์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ periorbital์— ecchymosis๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค? โ†’ Nasal fx. ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ
(3) ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฝ”ํ”ผ โ†’ Nasal fx. ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ

(4) Internal examination

: Mucosal lacerations, Septal fractures or deviation, Septal hematoma๋ฅผ ๊ผญ ํ™•์ธ

B4. Imaging

(1) ๊ณจ์ ˆ ์ง„๋‹จ์€ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค (2) ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ผญ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ (3) Plain film์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ (4) Closed reduction์€ nasal obstruction์ด๋‚˜ cosmesis๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ณดํ†ต ์‘๊ธ‰ ์‹œ์ˆ ์ด
์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค (5) US : Plain film๊ณผ sensitivities and specificities๊ฐ€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค. (6) CT๋Š” isolated nasal Fx.์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ.
: Intracranial injury or other facial fracture ๋“ฑ ํƒ€ injury ๊ฐ๋ณ„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํ–‰

B5. Treatment

(1) ๋‹ค๋ฅธ traumatic injury (Ch 255์— ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…) ์™€ nasal septal hematoma๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š” (2) ์—ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ๋น„๊ณจ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์€ open fracture์™€ ๋™๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. (3) CSF rhinorrhea or otorrhea โ†’ Imaging and otolaryngologic, neurosurgical consulation (4) Children์˜ nasal bone fx. ๋Š” 2~4์ผ ๋‚ด๋กœ ENT๋กœ refer (Rapid healing ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—) - 9ํŒ ์‚ญ์ œ (5) ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก edema, swelling์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ง„์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ์ง. - ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒ€์ง„ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ข‹์Œ
(6) ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒ 6~10์ผ ์•ˆ์— ENT consultation & elective closed reduction
: ๊ธฐํ•œ์„ ๋„˜๊ธฐ๋ฉด rhinoseptoplasty๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (7) ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ nasal fx. ๋Š” ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ intervention์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ (8) Closed reduction์€ ENT์—๊ฒŒ ๋งก๊ธฐ์ž

B6. Nasal septal hematoma

(1) ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์ฆ‰์‹œ septum์˜ ๊ดด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด incision & drainage โ†’ Saddle deformity, septal abscess, osteomyelitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis,
intracranial abscess ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š” (2) Facial trauma ํ›„ systemic sx โ†’ Abscess ์˜์‹ฌ
โ†’ ENT refer, urgent surgical drainage, IV ABx.
(3) Drainage of nasal septal hematoma
: Sniffing position โ†’ Anesthetize nasal mucosa โ†’ ์™„์ „ํ•œ aseptic ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ clean ํ•˜์— ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์„ฑ โ†’ Horizontal incision & suction โ†’ Frazier suction or with forceps์œผ๋กœ clot ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค โ†’ Bilateral ant. packing with nasal tampon coated in topical antibiotics โ†’ Oral antibiotics & 24hr OPD f/u (24~36์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— packing ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ ABx. ํ•„์š” ์—†์Œ)