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T268 Hand and Finger

A. Anatomy

: ์ด 27๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ผˆ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ.

A1. Carpal Tunnel

: Carpal bone(4๊ฐœ์”ฉ 2์ค„, ์ด 8๊ฐœ)๊ณผ flexor retinaculum ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ : median nerve : finger์˜ 9๊ฐœ์˜ long flexor tendon (Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) : 2~4๋ฒˆ์งธ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์˜ Flexor digitorum profundus & superficialis (FDP & FDS))์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค.
(Fig 268โ€“1, 2)

A2. carpometacarpal (CMC) articulation

1, 4, 5 finger์˜ carpometacarpal (CMC) articulation์€ mobility๊ฐ€ ์ปค์„œ grasp๋‚˜ ์›€์ง์ผ ๋•Œ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉฐ deformity์— ์ž˜ ๊ฒฌ๋”ค. 2, 3 finger์˜ CMC๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ mobility๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹ค (Fig 268-3, 4, 5)

A3. Intrinsic muscle - Innervation

(1) Thenar muscle โ€“ Median n.
(2) Hypothenar muscle, interosseous muscle โ€“ Ulnar n.
(3) Lumbrical muscle โ€“ Median & Ulnar n.

A4. Extensor & flexor tendons (Fig 268-6)

(1) Extensor digitorum๋“ค์€ juncturae tendinum์ด๋ž€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
์ด juncturae์˜ ๊ทผ์œ„๋ถ€์—์„œ complete tendon laceration์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ด๋„ finger extension์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

A5. Vascular supply

(1) Dual blood supply๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Œ (Fig 268-7)
(2) Radial artery โ€“ Deep palmar arch โ€“ thumb & radial side of index finger
(3) Ulnar artery โ€“ Superficial palmar arch โ€“ common digital arteries (2~4 web space)

A6. Nerve supply (Fig 268-8) โ˜… ์ค‘์š”

: Radial, Ulnar, Median n.

B. Clinical features

B1. History

: ์†์ƒ ์‹œ ์‹œ๊ฐ, ๊ธฐ์ „, ์ž์„ธ

B2. Physical examination

(1) ๋‹ค์น˜๋˜ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ position์—์„œ๋„ ์‹œํ–‰
(2) Flexion ์‹œ ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ extensionํ•˜์—ฌ exam ํ•˜๋ฉด tendon์˜ cut end๊ฐ€ retraction ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(3) ์ฃผ๋จน ์ฅ” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ์˜ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, regieonal pulse, capillary refill ํ™•์ธ

B3. Nerve testing โ˜… ์ค‘์š”

(1) Median nerve โ€“ OK sign (flex IP thumb joint & DIP index joint)

(2) Ulnar nerve โ€“ Adductor pollicis m.

โ€ข
Finger abduction test (์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ ๋ฒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐ€์œ„๋ฐ”์œ„๋ณด์—์„œ โ€˜๋ณดโ€™)
โ€ข
Fromentโ€™s sign : ์ข…์ด๋ฅผ index PIP์™€ ์—„์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹น๊ฒผ์„ ๋•Œ ์—„์ง€์˜ IP joint flexion ์—†์ด ์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ

(3) Radial nerve โ€“ MCP joint hyperextension under resistance & thumb extension

B4. Sensory

โ€ข
Two-point discrimination์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •์ƒ์€ <5mm (๋…ธ์ธ์€ 6mm๊นŒ์ง€)
โ€ข
๊นŠ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ์—” hand specialist์—๊ฒŒ consultation ํ•œ๋‹ค.
โ€ข
Dorsum of thumb index web space, tip of index & small finger.
โ€ข
Digital artery๋Š” sensory nerve์™€ ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, sensory change ๋•Œ artery injury ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์—ผ๋‘

B5. Testing of tendon

(1) 90% ์ด์ƒ์€ ROM ์œ ์ง€

โ€ข
resistance ํ•˜ ROM check๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค
โ€ข
tendon์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ†ต์ฆ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ tendon partial laceration์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(2) Elsonโ€™s test : Central slip test. PIP ๊ตฝํžˆ๊ณ  resist ํ•˜์— ํŽด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธ.

DIP๊ฐ€ ๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  PIP๊ฐ€ ํŽด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–‘์„ฑ (์•„๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ B).
1.
Position the patientโ€™s PIP in 90-degrees flexion. This normally keeps the central band taut and the lateral bands loose.
2.
Ask the patient to extend the PIP, while the providerโ€™s finger applies counterforce at the middle phalanx.
3.
NORMAL Elsonโ€™s test: Results in active extension of the PIP joint and a floppy DIP.
4.
ABNORMAL Elsonโ€™s test: Results in no active extension of the PIP joint and a slightly extended, taut DIP.

C. Anesthesia and direct wound examination

1.
๋งˆ์ทจ ์ „ sensory & motor check. ํ†ต์ฆ์œผ๋กœ motor ์ธก์ •์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋ฉด digital block ์‹œํ–‰ 2. Tourniquet์€ ์›๋ž˜ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ 150% ์ด์ƒ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋˜๋ฉฐ, 20๋ถ„ ์ด์ƒ ํ•ด๋†“์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค

D. Radiographs, consultation, and disposition

D1. Hand surgeon consultation guideline (Table 268-2, 268-3) (1~3day)

1.
Table 268-3 : ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์งํ›„ repairํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ hand-specialist์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜‘์ง„ โ€˜2์ฃผ ์•ˆ์—๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€™ ์•„๋‹˜! โ˜… ์ค‘์š” : Injury์™€ splint ์ž์ฃผ ์ถœ์ œ
2.
s/o ๋•Œ๋„ hand exam์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•ด์ค˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค

D2. Guidelines for immobilization

E. Flexor tendon injuries

โ€ข
Fig 268-10 1. Zone I : Only FDP tendon injury. - DIP flexion ์•ˆ๋จ 2. Zone II : FDP & FDS - no manโ€™s land (โˆต outcome์ด ์•ˆ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค) 3. Zone III : Carpal tunnel์˜ distal edge ~ flexor tendon์˜ proximal edge
Lumbrical m.์ด ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ. outcome์€ favorable 4. Zone IV : Carpal tunnel level. ๋งŽ์€ vital structure๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋ ˆ explore 5. Zone V : Carpal tunnel์˜ proximal.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ tendon, median n., ulnar n. ์†์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ โ†’ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”

F. Extensor tendons

โ€ข
Fig 268-11 โ˜… ์ค‘์š”

F1. Extensor zone I : Distal phalanx, DIP joint ์†์ƒ

(1) Mallet finger (Fig 268-12) : ์ ˆ๋Œ€ flexion ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค.

(2) Full extension ํ•ด์„œ splinting (Fig 268-13). 6-10์ฃผ ์œ ์ง€
(3) ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์•ˆ๋˜๋ฉด swan-neck deformity (Figure 268-14)

F2. Extensor zone II : Middle phalanx

F3. Extensor zone III : PIP joint.

(1) Central tendon injury. Boutonniere deformity (Fig 268-15)
F4. Extensor zone IV : Proximal phalanx F5. Extensor zone V : MCP joint. human bite ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ F6. Extensor zone VI : Hand์˜ dorsum. tendon injury ์ž˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ F7. Extensor zone VII
(1) Over the wrist. extensor retinaculum injury ์‹œ operative repair
(2) V-VII injury ์‹œ wrist 15ยฐ extension, MCP 15ยฐ flexion, IP 15ยฐ flexion ํ•ด์„œ splint F8. Extensor zone VIII : Distal forearm. exploration ํ•ด์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์†์ƒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ํ™•์ธ

G. Ligamentous injury and dislocation

1. Distal interphalageal joint
(1) Uncommon
(2) ์ฃผ๋กœ dorsum์œผ๋กœ dislocation. reduction์ด ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” avulsion fracture, tendon, volar plate ๋“ฑ์ด entrapment ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ
2. Proximal interphalangeal joint
(1) Common (2) Reduction ํ›„ check, 30ยฐ flexion ํ›„ splint. (3) Reduction ์•ˆ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ complete ligament disruption ์ด ์˜์‹ฌ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ•„์š”
3. Metacarpophalangeal joint
(1) Subluxation์ด ๋” ํ”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ hyperextension ๋˜์–ด ๋ณด์ž„.
(2) Reduction ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” wrist joint๋ฅผ ๊ตฝํžˆ๊ณ  proximal phalanx๋ฅผ volar & distal๋กœ pressing, MCP flexion ํ•ด์„œ splint
(3) Volar dislocation์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ.
4. Carpometacarpal joint
(1) ๋Œ€๊ฐœ dorsal dislocation์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
(2) Regional anesthesia ์‹œํ–‰ ํ›„, metacarpal base์— longitudinal pressure์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ traction, flexion ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •์ƒ anatomic alignment๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(3) Volar dislocation์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ hand specialist ํ˜‘์ง„.
5. Thumb interphalangeal joint - splint ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐœ 3์ฃผ๊ฐ„ 6. Thumb metacarpophalangeal joint

G7. Thumb metacarpophalangeal (ulnar) collateral ligament rupture

(1) Gamekeeperโ€™s thumb, skierโ€™s thumb
์—„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ radial deviation force ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.
(2) MCP์— pain or ecchymosis, pinch์— weakness ulnar collateral ligament์˜ complete rupture ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜๋ฉด hand surgeon์— refer
(30ยฐ ์ด์ƒ or ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ธก์— ๋น„ํ•ด 10ยฐ ์ด์ƒ radial angulation)
(3) Radial collateral ligament๋Š” ํ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.

H. Fracture

H1. Distal phalanx

โ€“ Soft tissue์— ์ค€ํ•ด์„œ, ๋Œ€๊ฐœ protective splinting๋งŒ

H2. Proximal and middle phalanx

(1) Stable : Buddy taping
(2) Unstable : Splinting
(3) Midshaft transverse, spiral, intra-articular fracture : often internal fixation

H3. Metacarpal fracture

- CMC dislocation ๋™๋ฐ˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๊ผญ ํ™•์ธ (1) Head - caused by direct blow, crush or missile. (2) Neck
1 5th๊ฐ€ boxerโ€™s fracture
1. ์ค‘์ˆ˜๊ณจ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๊ตด๊ณก ๋ณ€ํ˜• (Angulation)
โ€ข
์ œ5์ค‘์ˆ˜๊ณจ (์ƒˆ๋ผ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ): 40~50ยฐ ์ด์ƒ
โ€ข
์ œ4์ค‘์ˆ˜๊ณจ (์•ฝ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ): 30~40ยฐ ์ด์ƒ
โ€ข
์†์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ด€์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
โœ… 2. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ๊ณจ์ ˆ (Open fracture)
โ€ข
๊ณจ์ ˆ ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋šซ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
โ€ข
๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’์•„ ์‘๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ•„์š”
โœ… 3. ๊ด€์ ˆ๋ฉด ์นจ๋ฒ” (Intra-articular extension)
โ€ข
์ค‘์ˆ˜์ˆ˜์ง€ ๊ด€์ ˆ(Metacarpophalangeal joint, MCPJ)์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ณจ์ ˆ
โ€ข
์กฐ๊ธฐ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ, ์šด๋™ ์ œํ•œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๊ณ ๋ ค
โœ… 4. ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ „์œ„ (Severe displacement or malrotation)
โ€ข
ํšŒ์ „ ๋ณ€ํ˜• (Rotational deformity): ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ๋น„ํ‹€๋ ค์„œ ๊ฒน์ณ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
โ€ข
๊ณจ์ ˆ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ๊ฒน์นจ(overlapping)์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
โœ… 5. ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ณจ์ ˆ (Multiple metacarpal fractures)
โ€ข
ํ•œ ์†์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ค‘์ˆ˜๊ณจ์ด ๊ณจ์ ˆ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
โ€ข
์†์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚ด๊ณ ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ
โœ… 6. ์ง์—…์ /๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
โ€ข
์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜, ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€, ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ ์†์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง์—…๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ•ด๋„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ ค
2 4th โ‰ค20ยฐ, 5th โ‰ค40ยฐ์—์„  functional impairment ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ ์‹œ reduction 3 2nd, 3rd๋Š” <15ยฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 4 Splint๋Š” wrist extension 20ยฐ, MCP flexion 70ยฐ โ˜… ์ค‘์š”
(3) Shaft โ€“ shortening์ด ์ž˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ reduction ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋„ ์ข…์ข… ํ•„์š” (4) Base โ€“ CMC joint subluxation ์ด๋‚˜ dislocation ์˜์‹ฌ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ์œ„ํ•ด CT๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•จ.

H4. Thumb metacarpal fracture

โ€“ Usually base
(1) Extra-articular fracture โ€“ 30ยฐ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด reduction & 4์ฃผ๊ฐ„ thumb spica (2) Intra-articular fracture
1 Bennettโ€™s fracture : Ulnar portion ์ชฝ fracture, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ subluxes. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•„์š”
2 Rolandoโ€™s fracture : Intra-articular comminuted, Yํ˜• ๋˜๋Š” Tํ˜• ๋ถ„์‡„๊ณจ์ ˆ, ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•„์š”ํ•จ.

I. Compartment syndrome

1. Crush injury ์‹œ ์ž˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
2. Paresthesia๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  motor deficit์ด ์ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, passive stretching์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
3. ๊นŠ๊ณ  ์ง€์†์ ์ธ poorly localized pain, extreme swelling, passive stretching ์‹œ ํ†ต์ฆ 4. Severe crushing injury์—์„œ compartment syndrome ์˜์‹ฌํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด emergency
fasciotomy๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— Hand specialist์— ์ฆ‰์‹œ consultation

J. High-pressure injection injury

1. High pressure (2000~10000psi) injury๋Š” ๊ฒ‰์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•ด ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ true orthopedic emergency๋กœ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก edematous ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ischemic injury ์œ ๋ฐœ (Amputation rate๋Š” 30%๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰!)
2. ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” early surgical decompression & debridement

K. Burns (9ํŒ์—์„œ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋จ)

1. Major burnํ™˜์ž์˜ 50%์—์„œ hand์˜ burn injury๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋จ 2. 10~25ยฐC์˜ ๋ฌผ๋กœ cleansing ํ•„์š”
: ์–ผ์Œ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ 1~8ยฐC์˜ ๋ฌผ์€ tissue damage ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๋น„์ถ”์ฒœ๋จ 3. Non-viable loose tissue๋Š” ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค. 4. Blister์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ํ™”์ƒ์™ธ๊ณผ์™€ ์ƒ์˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ. 5. ๊ตญ์†Œ ํ•ญ๊ท ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋œ๋‹ค.