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๐Ÿค•

T257. Head Trauma

A. Introduction

โ€ข
Traumatic brain injury (TBI): External force์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” brain function impairment
โ€ข
GCS ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜
โ—ฆ
Severe (GCS score of 3 to 8)
โ—ฆ
Moderate (GCS score of 9 to 13)
โ—ฆ
Mild (GCS score of 14 or 15, concussion)

B. Pathophysiology

โ€ข
๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ „์‹  ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 20%, ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 15%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€
โ€ข
๋‡Œ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์ฐจ์ ์ธ ๋‡Œ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”
โ€ข
Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)๋Š” ๋‡Œํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ธก์ •์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ
โ—ฆ
CPP = MAP (ํ‰๊ท ๋™๋งฅ์••) - ICP (๋‡Œ์••)
โ—ฆ
CPP < 60mmHg๋Š” autoregulation์˜ lower limit

B1. Autoregulation

โ€ข
Oxygen delivery์™€ oxygen metabolism ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‰ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” local cerebral blood flow๋ฅผ regulation. HTN, hypocarbia, alkalosis ๋“ฑ์€ vasoconstriction์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ cerebral blood flow์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ
โ€ข
๋‡Œํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ ˆ์€ 50-150mmHg ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ด€๋ฅ˜์•• ์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•จ
โ€ข
์™ธ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์†์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‡Œํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜์‚ฌ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ autoregulation ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ƒ์‹ค
โ€ข
์™ธ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ €ํ˜ˆ์••์€ ischemia ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , aggressive fluid resuscitation ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ
โ€ข
ICP - ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ MAP๊ฐ€ 80mmHg ์ด์ƒ ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.
โ€ข
๋‡Œ๋กœ์˜ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜ ์ˆœํ™˜์€ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ฐ• ๋‚ด ์šฉ์ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ค (e.g. bleeding)

B2. Normal ICP (<15mmHg)์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ

: Intracranial compartments
1.
The brain parenchyma (<1300mL in the adult)
2.
CSF (100 to 150mL)
3.
Intravascular blood (100~150mL)

(1) ICP elevation์€ life threatening

โ†’ โ˜… Cushing reflex ์œ ๋ฐœ : BPโ†‘, Pulseโ†“, Irregular RR (Nr ICP: ์„ฑ์ธ < 10-15, young children 3~7, infants 1.5~6mmHg)

B3. ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์†์ƒ : primary injury์™€ secondary injury๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„

(1) Primary injury : ์™ธ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋‡Œ ์†์ƒ

โ€ข
1 Contusion 2 Hematoma 3 Diffuse axonal injury 4 Direct cellular damage 5 Loss of blood brain barrier 6 Disruption of the neurochemical homeostasis, 7 Loss of the electrochemical function

(2) Secondary injury

โ€ข
Glutamate, proinflammatory cytokines ๋ถ„๋น„ โ†’ Cell death, necrosis, neuronal loss๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœ (Neurotoxic damage๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™” ํ•˜๋Š” secondary insults (ex. hypotension, hypoxemia, hyperglycemia) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ)
โ€ข
Brain edema : Cytotoxic + extracellular edema โ†’ ICP elevation โ†’ Compress Cx
โ€ข
Brain herniation

B3. GCS

(1) ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ (์ˆ , ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ)์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋น„์Šทํ•œ GCS score๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋„ pathophysiology์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ outcome์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Œ.
(2) GCS์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ : Severe (GCS 3~8์ ) / Moderate (GCS 9 ~ 13์ ) / Mild (GCS 14 ~ 15)

C. Clinical features

โ€ข
Moderate to severe ์™€ mild injury๋Š” Tx ๋ฐ disposition์ด ๋‹ค๋ฆ„
โ€ข
Hx taking : ์†์ƒ๊ธฐ์ „, ๊ธฐ์ €์งˆํ™˜, ์Œ์ฃผ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌํ•ญ * PEx. : cervical spine protection ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰

C1. GCS ํ™•์ธ

: ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํŒŒ์•…์—๋Š” ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‚˜ ํŠน์ •์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์•…ํ™”์ •๋„์˜ ํŒŒ์•…์€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค

C2. ๋™๊ณต๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ํ™•์ธ

(1) Single fixed and dilated pupil โ†’ Intracranial hematoma (2) Bilateral fixed and dilated pupils โ†’ Increased ICP (Bilat. Uncal herniation) (3) Bilateral pinpoint pupils โ†’ Central pontine lesion, opiate exposure

C3. Motor function

(1) Decerebrate posturing : more caudal injury (2) Decorticate posturing : more above the level of midbrain

D. Imaging

โ€ข
Image๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” Rule ์ด์ง€๋งŒ specificity๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ. ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์ œ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง ๊ฒƒ.
โ€ข
๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ Minor injury๋Š” LOC ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ, ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ผญ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹˜.
โ€ข
ํ™˜์ž ๋น„ํ˜‘์กฐ์ ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ intubation๊ณผ sedation ํ›„ image ์ง„ํ–‰ : Midazolam (1~2 mg) or propofol (20 mg every 10sec)
โ€ข
Comatose TBI ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ 8%์—์„œ cervical fracture ๋™๋ฐ˜๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ Cervical CT ๊ณ ๋ ค.
โ€ข
MRI๋Š” CT์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ Subtle lesion์„ ๊ฐ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ œ์•ฝ ์žˆ์Œ.
โ€ข
Moderate TBI and GCS โ‰ฅ14์—ฌ๋„ 15%๊นŒ์ง€ CT ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1% ์ •๋„๋Š” intervention์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ

E. Treatment

E1. Prehospital

โ€ข
์ €ํ˜ˆ์•• ๊ต์ •๊ณผ airway ์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ
โ€ข
PaCO2 35~45 ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ (Hyperventilation ํ”ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ)
โ€ข
์ €ํ˜ˆ์••์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ fluid resuscitation

E2. ED treatment

โ€ข
์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ, ์ €ํ˜ˆ์••, ์ €๊ด€๋ฅ˜, ๊ณ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œํ˜ˆ์ฆ, ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น, ๊ณ ์—ด ๊ต์ •์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ
โ€ข
BP,SpO2 ๋“ฑ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผํ• ์ˆ˜์น˜โ˜…
โ—ฆ
Hypotension (SBP <90)
โ—ฆ
hypoxia (PaO2 <60) increase mortality
โ—ฆ
ICP ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” m/s, pupil, neurologic deficit ๋“ฑ ํ™•์ธ

(1) Airway & Breathing

1 GSC<8 ์ดํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ intubation 2 Intubation ์ค‘์—๋Š” โ˜… in-line cervical spine stabilization
: ๊ฒฝ์ถ” ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Œ€ ํ’€๊ณ  ์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
3 โ˜… Nasotracheal tube intubation (CiX ยญ facial traumam skull base fx)
4 Sat > 90%, PaO2 >60, PCO3 35~45 ์œ ์ง€ 5 ICP ์ƒ์Šน์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด RSI ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ถŒ์žฅ (Ketamine์€ not advocated)
: Circultation โ€“ agg. fluid Tx๋Š” ํ•„์š”, N/S recommend : 50~69yr์€ SBP >100mmHg, 15~49 & > 70yrs๋Š” SBP๋ฅผ 110mmHg ์ด์ƒ ์œ ์ง€

(2) Patient positioning

1 ICP๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋น„๊ต์  ์ถ”์ฒœ๋จ. 2 30ยฐ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ head elevation / MAP 80 ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์‹œํ–‰

(3) Glucose & Temperature

1 Moderate~Severe TBI์—์„œ Glucose target ์€ 100~180mg/dL / Insulin ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ. 2 Temperature์€ ์ •์ƒ ์ฒด์˜จ์œผ๋กœ (๊ณ ์ฒด์˜จ๋„ ์ €์ฒด์˜จ๋„ ์ถ”์ฒœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ)

(4) Seizure

โ€ข
seizure๋Š” 2nd injury๋ฅผ ์•…ํ™”์‹œํ‚ด, IV lorazepam์„ ๋จผ์ € ์‚ฌ์šฉ, ์ง€์†๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ AED loading
โ€ข
(within 1wk์—์„œ Sz risk๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถค) : GCS<10, Brain CT ์ด์ƒ, injury ํ›„ seizureํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
โ€ข
Phenytoin/Phosphenytoin ์œผ๋กœ 18mg/kg dose๋ฅผ 25mg/min ์†๋„๋กœ ์ฃผ์ž…

(5) Mannitol, Hypertonic saline

โ€ข
Cerebral herniation - ICP elevation : HA, Visual change, Numbness, N/V Seizure - Sequential GCS : ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์•…์  ์•…ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€
โ€ข
Mannitol์€ ICP๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ 
โ—ฆ
0.25-1g/kg bolus ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ฃผ์ž…, dose-dependent ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ constant infusion์€ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
โ—ฆ
Mannitol ์—†์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ hypertonic saline์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ. (3% 250ml for 30 minutes / 23.4% 30ml for over 30 minutes)
โ˜… CPP manage

F. Specific head injury

F1. Scalp laceration

โ€ข
Bleeding control ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ. (Massive bleeding ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ)
โ€ข
์ƒ์ฒ˜ foreign body ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, Fx ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, galeal laceration ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธ ํ•„์š”ํ•จ.
โ€ข
ํฐ galeal disruption์€ repair ํ•„์š”ํ•จ.

F2. Skull Fx

โ€ข
Location, pattern, open & closed ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ํ™•์ธ ํ•„์š”ํ•จ.
โ€ข
Middle meningeal artery, major venous sinus๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ˜น์€ Linear occipital fracture๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ โ‡’ intracerebral complication ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง.
โ€ข
Open skull fracture์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ vancomycin 1 gram IV + ceftriaxone 2 grams IV ์‚ฌ์šฉ

F3. Basilar Skull Fracture and Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks

(1) ํ˜ธ๋ฐœ์œ„์น˜

: petrous portion of temporal bone, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane

(2) Basilar skull fracture์™€ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ์ฆ์ƒ

โ€ข
CSF otorrhea or rhinorrhea
โ€ข
Mastoid ecchymosis (Battle sign)
โ€ข
Periorbital ecchymoses (raccoon eyes)
โ€ข
Hemotympanum
โ€ข
Vertigo
โ€ข
Decreased hearing or deafness, and 7th nerve palsy

(3) Cribriform plate Fx ์˜์‹ฌ

โ€ข
Nasogastric tube ์‚ฝ์ž…์€ ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ
โ€ข
empirical antibiotics

F4. Cerebral Contusion and Intracerebral Hemorrhage

: Subfrontal cortex์— ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ occipital lobe์—๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ

F5. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

: Severe TBI๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” Abnormal CT finding์ž„

F6. Epidural Hematoma

โ€ข
injury์˜ primary mechanism์€ temoral ํ˜น์€ temporoparietal area์— blunt trauma๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด skull๊ณผ dura mater ์‚ฌ์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„์— middle meningeal artery disruption์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ.
โ€ข
์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‹์ด ๋ช…๋ฃŒํ•ด์ง€๋Š” lucid interval ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์˜์‹์ €ํ•˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.
โ€ข
Posterior fossa์— parieto-occipital legion์˜ venous sinus์— tear ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.

F7. Subdural Hematoma

โ€ข
๋‡Œ์‹ค์งˆ acceleration-deceleration damage๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ ธ์„œ dura mater์™€ arachnoid ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” bridging veins์ด ์†์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „
โ€ข
Brain atrophy๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ ํ˜น์€ chronic alcoholics๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ทจ์•ฝํ•จ
โ€ข
24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด๋Š” acute, 24์‹œ๊ฐ„~2์ฃผ๋Š” subacute, 2์ฃผ ์ด์ƒ์€ chronic์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•จ.

F8. Diffuse Axonal Injury

โ€ข
White matter ๋˜๋Š” brainstem์— damage๋กœ ์ธํ•ด axonal fiber์˜ disruption์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ.
โ€ข
CT์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ •์ƒ์†Œ๊ฒฌ ๋ณด์ž„ : Classic CT demonstrates punctuate hemorrhagic injury along the grey-white junction of the cerebral cortex and within the deep structures of the brain

G. Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI)

โ€ข
Brain imaging ์ƒ์—์„œ hemorrhage ๋“ฑ์˜ grossly abnormal lesion์ด ์—†์Œ์—๋„ brain function์˜ impairment๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ. GCS๋Š” 14~15.

G1. ์ฆ์ƒ

โ€ข
์˜์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ๊ธฐ์–ต์†Œ์‹ค, ๊ตฌํ† , ๋‘ํ†ต, ์˜์‹์†Œ์‹ค ๋“ฑ
โ€ข
์ฆ์ƒ์€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜๋ฉฐ, concussive injury๋Š” ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ structural damage๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์Œ.
โ€ข
๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ด์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ electrolyte imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction์€ axonal transport system์— damage๋ฅผ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด TBI๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ.

G2. ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ

โ€ข
Age>65, ์‘๊ณ ์žฅ์• , Dangerous mechanism, focal neurologic deficit

G3. ์ง„๋‹จ

(1) P/Ex๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ normal. GCS ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ brain CT ํ•„์š”ํ•จ. (2) ์ง„๋‹จ์€ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์™ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์  ์†์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ
7. Physical exam
(1) GCS (2) Racoonโ€™s eye (3) Battleโ€™s sign (4) CSF rhinorrhea (5) Pupil awareness, and awakeness (6) Brief cognitive assessment
8. Biomarkers
(1) Glial fibrillary acid proteni (GFAP) (2) Ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase (UCH-L) (3) S100B
9. Global impairment
(1) Such as confusion, perseveration, or amnesia. gait and test balance. cognitive function. ( (2) ER์—์„œ ์ธ์ง€๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์Œ
10. ์ˆ˜์ผ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ. 11. Neuroimaging and EEG : CT (DOC), mild TBI๋Š” MRI๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ sensitive

G3. ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ทจ๊ฒฐ์ •

โ€ข
Primary treatment๋Š” Rest! Aspirin๊ณผ NSAID๋Š” ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ.
โ€ข
์ •์ƒ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ. ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ํ‡ด์›ํ•  ์ปจ๋””์…˜์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ‡ด์›์„ค๋ช…์„ ์ž˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ†’ Delayed hemorrhage ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ warning ํ•„์š”ํ•จ.
โ€ข
์ฆ์ƒ ์‹ฌํ•ด์ ธ ER ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚ด์›ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ further evaluation๊ณผ followup care ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ณผ๋กœ refer