Search
moon
sun

T274. Knee injuries

1.
Four ligament of knee : ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL
1.
Popliteal fossa : Popliteal artery ๅ…ฌ vein, common peroneal nerve, tibial nerve
2.
๋ฌด๋ฆŽ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฒ€์ง„์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๏ผŒ์ฆ‰ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ๏ผŒ๊ด€์ฐฐ(observation), ์‹œ์ง„๏ผŒ์ด‰์ง„๏ผŒ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(stress test)๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
3.
๋ณดํ–‰๏ผŒ๊ด€์ ˆ์˜ functional ROM, ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ค„ ๋•Œ ๊ตฝํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์„ ํ•„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ๏ผŒ๋ถ“๊ธฐ๏ผŒ๋ฐ˜์ƒ ์ถœํ˜ˆ (ecchymosis), ์‚ผ์ถœ (effusion), ์ข…๊ดด๏ผŒ์Šฌ๊ฐœ๊ณจ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๏ผŒ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๏ผŒ๋ฐœ์ ๏ผŒ๊ตญ์†Œ ์†์ƒ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
4.
Supine position์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ best possible active ROM์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญํ•œ๋‹ค.
5.
Pulse์™€ distal neurologic function์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.
6.
๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒ€์ง„์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ๊ณผ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์ด‰์ง„๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. : ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณณ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  patellar patellar
facet๋“ค๊ณผ femoral, tibial condyle์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ณผ crepitus๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธ ํ›„ ๊ด€์ ˆ์˜ ์‚ผ์ถœ ์••ํ†ต, ์—ด๊ฐ,๊ทผ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ๋ฐ•๋™์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

A. Anatomy

โ€ข
Tintinalli 9th, p1850, Fig 274-1, 2, 3
โ€ข
Four ligament of knee : ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL
โ€ข
Popliteal fossa : Popliteal artery & vein, common peroneal nerve, tibial nerve

B. Clinical feature

B1. Neurovascular injury

(1) Popliteal artery injury

โ€ข
์ฃผ์š” ์›์ธ ์†์ƒ
โ—ฆ
femoral condyle fracture
โ—ฆ
displaced tibial plateau fracture
โ—ฆ
isolated PCL injury
โ—ฆ
multiple ligament injury
โ—ฆ
knee dislocation
โ€ข
Collateral circulation ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ 8์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด amputation!
โ‡’ ๊ฑด์ธก๊ณผ distal pulse ๋น„๊ต (๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ 79%, ํŠน์ด๋„ 91%), ABI, duplex US, angiography
โ€ข
Compartment syndrome, venous injury, arterial thrombosis ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ฃผ์˜

(2) Peroneal nerve injury

โ€ข
Severe ligament injury, dislocation ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
โ€ข
fibular head fracture or avulsion์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
โ€ข
Deep peroneal nerve
: ์ฒซ์งธ-๋‘˜์งธ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์‚ฌ์ด dorsal web space sensation, foot dorsiflexion, toes extension โ†’ Injury ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ foot drop, gait difficulty

C. Diagnosis

C1. Physical Exam

โ€ข
๋ฌด๋ฆŽ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฒ€์ง„์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ, ์ฆ‰ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ, ๊ด€์ฐฐ(observation), ์‹œ์ง„, ์ด‰์ง„, ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(stress test)๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.
โ€ข
๋ณดํ–‰, ๊ด€์ ˆ์˜ functional ROM, ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ค„ ๋•Œ ๊ตฝํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์„ ํ•„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ถ“๊ธฐ, ๋ฐ˜์ƒ ์ถœํ˜ˆ (ecchymosis), ์‚ผ์ถœ (effusion), ์ข…๊ดด, ์Šฌ๊ฐœ๊ณจ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ, ๋ฐœ์ , ๊ตญ์†Œ ์†์ƒ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
โ€ข
Supine position์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ best possible active ROM์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญํ•œ๋‹ค.
โ€ข
Pulse์™€ distal neurologic function์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.
โ€ข
๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒ€์ง„์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ๊ณผ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์ด‰์ง„๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
โ€ข
๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณณ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  patellar์™€ patellar facet๋“ค๊ณผ femoral, tibial condyle์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ณผ crepitus๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธ ํ›„ ๊ด€์ ˆ์˜ ์‚ผ์ถœ, ์••ํ†ต, ์—ด๊ฐ, ๊ทผ๋ ฅ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ๋ฐ•๋™์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
โ€ข
๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์„ flexionํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ patellar์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๋ชจ์–‘, ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ 
โ€ข
๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์„ extension ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ patellar์˜ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค.

C1. Imaging

(1) Ottawa knee rules

โ€ข
Fracture ํ™•์ธ์— sensitiveํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์—์„œ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐ

(2) Pittsburgh knee rules (Fig 274-4)

โ€ข
Ottawa Rules๋ณด๋‹ค specificity๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๋‹ค. ๋‘ rules ๋ชจ๋‘ ์†Œ์•„ >2์„ธ, ์„ฑ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ

(3) X-ray

โ€ข
A-P, Lat. view๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ
โ€ข
Lateral view
โ—ฆ
X-ray ์ƒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” fat fluid level (lipohemarthrosis)๋Š” intra-articular fracture ์˜๋ฏธ(white arrow)
โ€ข
Oblique views
โ—ฆ
ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ tibial plateau fracture๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉ
โ—ฆ
Internal oblique view๋Š” lateral plateau ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์ข‹๋‹ค
โ—ฆ
external oblique view๋Š” medial plateau ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์ข‹๋‹ค
โ€ข
Tunnel or intercondylar view
โ—ฆ
Intercondylar region, ํŠนํžˆ tibial spine fracture๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธ
โ€ข
Sunrise (skyline, axial, or tangential) view
โ—ฆ
Conventional views ์—์„œ ๋†“์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” patella์˜ non-displaced vertical or marginal fracture ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ ์šฉ์ด
โ—ฆ
Patellar subluxation, fracture ์˜์‹ฌ ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ

D. Specific injury

D1. Patella fractures

(1) Transverse fractures๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•˜๊ณ , stellate, comminuted fracture ์ˆœ : Transverse fracture๋Š” displacement ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ disrupted extensor mechanism๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€
(2) Extensor mechanism intact(์ค‘๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ํŽด๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ)ํ•˜๊ณ , 2mm ๋ฏธ๋งŒ step off, 3mm ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ fracture displacement ์‹œ ๋น„์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ

D2. Femoral condyle fractures

: ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์†์ƒ - ํ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒดํฌ
โ€ข
Popliteal artery ์†์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ : distal pulse
โ€ข
deep peroneal nerve ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ ์‚ฌ์ด(dorsal web space) ๊ฐ๊ฐ

D3. Tibial spine & tuberosity fractures

(1) Tibial spine ๋‹จ๋… ์†์ƒ์€ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋ฉฐ, ant. ๊ฐ€ post.์— ๋น„ํ•ด 10๋ฐฐ ํ”ํ•จ โ†’ Cruciate ligament insufficiency
(2) Hemarthrosis, full extension ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€, Lachman test ์–‘์„ฑ

D4. Tibial plateaus fractures

(1) Lateral plateau fracture : Medial์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ACL, MCL ์†์ƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€
(2) Medial plateau fracture : PCL, LCL ์†์ƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€
(3) Segond`s fracture : ACL ์†์ƒ์— ํŠน์ง•์  (๋’ค์— ๋‹ค์‹œ)
(4) ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ : Popliteal artery injury, DVT, OA

E. Ligamentous and Meniscal injuries

โ€ข
Hyperextension, valgus & varus stresses, A-P displacement์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐœ
โ€ข
Valgus stress์— ์˜ํ•œ ์†์ƒ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ํ”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ knee์˜ medial side injury ์œ ๋ฐœ
โ€ข
Varus stress๋Š” lateral side injury
โ€ข
MCL, LCL, ACL, PCL, capsular structure, medial & lateral meniscus ์†์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

E1. Medial & lateral collateral ligament injury

(1) MCL โ†’ Valgus stress test๋กœ ํ™•์ธ
(2) LCL โ†’ Varus stress test๋กœ ํ™•์ธ
(3) Valgus, varus test (30๋„ flexion)์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰ ์‹œ
โ€ข
์ด์™„(laxity)์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋ฉฐ pain ์œ ๋ฐœ ์‹œ strain ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Œ
โ€ข
์ •์ƒ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต ์‹œ, ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ end point ์—†์ด ์ด์™„๋˜๋ฉด medial or lateral collateral lig.์˜ complete rupture ์˜์‹ฌ
(4) Full extension์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰ ์‹œ
โ€ข
valgus laxity โ‡’ MCL complex ์ „์ฒด, cruciate lig., post. capsule tear ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์†์ƒ ์˜๋ฏธ
โ€ข
varus laxity โ‡’ knee์˜ posterolateral corner, cruciate ligament๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์†์ƒ ๋ฐ peroneal nerve ์†์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธ

E2. Anterior cruciate ligament injury

โ€ข
Tibia์˜ deceleration, hyperextension, ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ internal rotation์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐœ
โ€ข
์†์ƒ ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” โ€œpop(popping noise)โ€์ด ํŠน์ง•์ 
โ€ข
์ˆ˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— swelling, instability๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
โ€ข
traumatic effusion ๋˜ํ•œ ACL disruption์„ ์˜์‹ฌํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ

(1) Lachman test

โ€ข
Sensitivity ๋ฐ specificity๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๋‹ค (84%, 100%).
โ€ข
30๋„ ์ •๋„ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์„ flexion ์‹œํ‚จ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํ•œ ํŒ”๋กœ thigh ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  lower leg๋ฅผ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น๊ฒผ์„ ๋•Œ, โ‡’ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ displacement ์žˆ์„ ์‹œ ACL injury ์˜์‹ฌ

(2) Anterior drawer test

โ€ข
์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์™”๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜, sensitivity๋Š” 62% ์ •๋„
โ€ข
Hip์„ 45๋„ flexion, knee๋ฅผ 90๋„ flexion์‹œํ‚จ ๋‹ค์Œ tibia๋ฅผ femur๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ant. ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ displacement ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ โ‡’ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์— ๋น„ํ•ด 6mm ์ด์ƒ displacement ๋  ์‹œ ACL injury ์˜์‹ฌ

(3) Pivot shift test

โ€ข
Heel์„ ๋“ค์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ hip์„ 45๋„ flexion, knee๋ฅผ full extension ์‹œํ‚จ ๋‹ค์Œ, ํ•œ์ชฝ ํŒ”๋กœ knee, fibular head๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ankle์ด๋ž‘ knee๋ฅผ internal rotationํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ knee flexion ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ์‹œ, โ‡’ 20~30๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ ๋”ธ๊นํ•˜๋Š” ๋А๋‚Œ์ด ๋“ค๋ฉด ์–‘์„ฑ
โ€ข
Anesthesia ์—†์ด ์‹œํ–‰ ์‹œ sensitivity 24%, specificity 98%

E3. Posterior cruciate ligament injury

(1) ๋‹จ๋… ์†์ƒ์€ ํ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ post. drawer test, sag sign์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธ * Posterior drawer test : Ant. ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž์„ธ์—์„œ post.๋กœ displacement ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์˜์‹ฌ
โ€ข
Sag sign : PCL ์†์ƒ ์‹œ hip 45๋„, knee 90๋„ flexion ์ž์„ธ์—์„œ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด tibia๊ฐ€ ํ›„๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค์™€ sag ๋ชจ์–‘
or tibia tubercle์˜ drop back ๋ฐœ์ƒ

F. Hemarthorosis or effusion

โ€ข
Hemarthrosis๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด knee ligament injury๋ฅผ ์˜์‹ฌํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ACL ์†์ƒ. : ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์‹ฌํ•œ ligamenet injury์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํŒŒ์—ด๋˜์–ด blood๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด๋กœ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ pain ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†๊ณ  hemathorosis ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ
โ€ข
Traumatic hemarthrosis๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์†์ƒ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„~์ˆ˜์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  chronic effusion์€ 1~2์ผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ synovial inflammation์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐœ
โ€ข
Segond`s fracture : Lateral tibial condyle์˜ lateral capsular ligament attachment site์—์„œ avulsion fracture โ†’ ACL rupture marker
โ€ข
Medial tibial plateau์—์„œ cortical avulsion(๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ญ„) โ†’ PCL & medial mediscus tear

G. Treatment

G1. Ligamentous injury

(1) Single ligament injury (strain, rupture)

โ€ข
Knee immobilizer, ice packs, elevation, NSAIDs, and ambulation (๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ •๋„๋งŒ)
โ†’ Knee immobilizer ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‹œ mobility๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€, ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งค์ผ ROM exercise ๊ต์œก
โ†’ ROM exercise๋Š” ice pack apply ํ›„ 10~20๋„ flexion-extension, ํ•˜๋ฃจ 3~4์ฐจ๋ก€

(2) Arthrocentesis

โ€ข
Effusion์˜ ์™ธ์ƒ์„ฑ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
โ€ข
์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” large, tense effusion์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  evidence ๋ถ€์กฑ
โ†’ Aspiration ์‹œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž…์ž๋Š” lipohemarthrosis์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด๋ฉฐ intra-articular knee fracture๋ฅผ ์‹œ์‚ฌ

G2. Meniscal injury

โ€ข
ACL injury ๊ฐ€ ํ”ํžˆ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋˜๋ฉฐ medial meniscus injury ๊ฐ€ lateral์— ๋น„ํ•ด 2๋ฐฐ ํ”ํ•จ
โ€ข
Joint line tenderness (๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ 70%, ํŠน์ด๋„ 15%)
โ€ข
McMurray test (์•ฝ 50%๋Œ€), grind test
โ€ข
P/E์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ํŠน์ด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„
๋ฌธ์ง„ ์ƒ knee extension or flexion ์‹œ painful locking ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ๋„์›€
โ†’ ํ™•์ง„์€ MRI or arthroscopy

(1) McMurray test

โ€ข
์•™์™€์œ„์—์„œ ์Šฌ๊ด€์ ˆ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ตด๊ณก ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์กฑ๊ด€์ ˆ๋ถ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฟˆ์น˜๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ํšŒ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์‹ ์ „
โ€ข
์‹ ์ „ ์‹œ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์Œ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด ์–‘์„ฑ
โ€ข
์™„์ „ ๊ตด๊ณก์—์„œ 90๋„ ๊ตด๊ณก ์‚ฌ์ด ์ฆ์ƒ โ†’ Meniscus post. horn์˜ ์†์ƒ ์‹œ์‚ฌ
โ€ข
๊ทธ ํ›„์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ โ†’ ๋ฐ˜์›”ํŒ ์—ฐ๊ณจ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„๋ถ€ ๋˜๋Š” ant. horn์†์ƒ ์‹œ์‚ฌ
โ€ข
์™ธํšŒ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์ธก ์†์ƒ, ๋‚ดํšŒ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ์ธก ์†์ƒ์„ ์ง„๋‹จ (์†์ƒ ์–‘์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํšŒ์ „์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.)

G3. Locked knee

โ€ข
์‹ฌํ•œ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ actively or passively full extension ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ

(1) ์›์ธ

โ€ข
๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์›์ธ์€ meniscus tear
โ€ข
ACL rupture, patella dislocation, loose body, foreign body์™€ ๊ฐ๋ณ„ ํ•„์š”ํ•จ

(2) ์น˜๋ฃŒ

โ€ข
sedation ํ•˜ closed reduction
โ†’ knee 90ยฐ flexion ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ํ›„ longitudinal traction, internal & external rotation โ†’ ์‹คํŒจ ์‹œ operative arthroscopy

G4. Knee dislocation

(1) Ant. dislocation์ด m/c (์•ฝ 40%), post. (33%), lat., med., rotary ์ˆœ
(2) Knee dislocation์€ severe injury๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ spontaneous reduction์ด ์•ฝ 50%์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ popliteal artery ๋˜๋Š” peroneal nerve injury (mostly with posterolateral dislocations), ligamentous & meniscal injury์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œจ์ด ๋†’์Œ โ†’ ํŠนํžˆ popliteal artery ์†์ƒ (ํ™˜์ž์˜ 1/3) ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œจ์ด ๋†’๊ณ  vascular reconstruction ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ ์˜ˆํ›„๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ knee dislocation ๋ชจ๋“  ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ arteriography ์‹œํ–‰์„ ๊ถŒ์œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ (3) Longitudinal traction ํ†ตํ•ด reduction ์‹œํ–‰, 20๋„ knee flexion ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ splint apply
โ†’ Reduction ํ›„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ neurovascular exam, ABI โ†’ Asymmetrical distal pulse or ABI<0.9 ์‹œ CT angiogram or ateriography,
reduction ์ „ pulse ์—†๋‹ค๊ฐ€ reduction ํ›„ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ABI ์‹œํ–‰ ๋ฐ vascular surgery consult
(4) Knee dislocation ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ normal distal pulse๋ผ๋„ popliteal artery injury ๋ฐฐ์ œ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€

G5. Patellar dislocation

(1) ์ฃผ๋กœ lateral condyle์˜ lateral๋กœ displacement, pain, deformity ๋ฐœ์ƒ
(2) Reduction
โ€ข
Conscious sedation ํ•˜์— hip flexion, knee hyperextension ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ patella ๋ฐ€์–ด๋„ฃ๊ธฐ
(3) Irreducible dislocation
โ€ข
Older age, preexisting patellofemoral arthritis, flexion <45๋„, anterolateral patellar position, patellar axis์˜ internal rotation โ†’ ์ˆ˜์ˆ 

G6. Quadriceps or patellar tendon rupture

(1) ํ˜ธ๋ฐœ์—ฐ๋ น
โ€ข
Quadriceps tendon rupture ๋Š” >40์„ธ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
โ€ข
Patellar tendon rupture ๋Š” <40์„ธ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
(2) Tendinitis ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ ฅ, steroid ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด risk factor
(3) Patella proximal or distal์—์„œ tendon rupture์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ defect๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์ ธ์ง
(4) Patella alta (Figure 274-14) : Lat. x-ray์—์„œ high-riding patella ์†Œ๊ฒฌ

G7. Patellar tendinitis

(1) Jumper`s knee : runner, basketball & volleyball player
(2) NSAIDs, eccentric quadriceps-strengthening exercise, activity modification
โ†’ Steroid inj. ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ

G8. Postarthroscopy problem

: Effusion์ด m/c, infection์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค.