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T151. Sepsis

โ… . Definitions
โ€ข
8th์—๋Š” Sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock์˜ ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 9th๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” 2016 the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock์˜ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ โ†’ Severe sepsis๋ผ๋Š” term์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  septic shock์˜ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ขํž˜ (Table 151-1)
1.
Sepsis : Suspected or proven infection, signs of systemic inflammation (์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ •์˜ ์—†์ด๋„), and organ failure (SOFA score 2 ์ด์ƒ)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
2.
Septic shock : Sepsis ์ •์˜์— ์ ์ ˆํ•œ resuscitation์„ ํ•œ ๋’ค์—๋„ vasopressors๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ lactate level ์ƒ์Šนํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
3.
International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์˜ ์ด์ „์— ์ œ์ •๋œ SEP-1์˜ ์ •์˜๋Š” confusing/overlapping ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, severe sepsis ๋ฐ septic shock ์˜ ์ด์ „ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Œ (1) Severe sepsis์™€ septic shock์ธ ํ™˜์ž : ์ธ์‹๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜ โ‘  Lactate ์ธก์ • โ‘ก ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์ „ Blood and other cultures โ‘ข ํŠน์ • ์›์ธ๊ท  target ํ˜น์€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ โ‘ฃ 30mL/kg์˜ crystalloid๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์•ก ์น˜๋ฃŒ (60kg ์ผ ์‹œ 1.8L) โ‘ค ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ lactate ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (>2 mmol/L), 6์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด lactate ์žฌ์ธก์ • (2) Septic shock์ธ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์น˜ โ‘  Persistent hypotension ์‹œ 20mL/kg fluid bolus๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต โ‘ก Persistent hypotension ์‹œ vasopressor ์‹œ์ž‘ โ‘ข ์ž„์ƒ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ์—ญํ•™/์‚ฐ์†Œํฌํ™” ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ volume status์˜ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ ๋ฐ tissue perfusion interventions ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ Reassessment and documentation ํ•œ๋‹ค (3) ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ SSC(Survival Sepsis Campaign) guide line : Hour-1 bundle โ‘  Lactate ์ธก์ • โ‘ก Blood culture โ‘ข Broad-spectrum antibiotics โ‘ฃ Hypotension์ด๋‚˜ lactate>4mmol/L์ผ ์‹œ 30mL/kg ์ˆ˜์•ก ์‹œ์ž‘ โ‘ค ์ˆ˜์•ก์„ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค€ ์ดํ›„ MAP>65mmHg ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ vasopressor ์‹œ์ž‘ โ†’ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•„์ง ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Œ
(4) 8th ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ sepsis์˜ ์ •์˜ โ‘  Sepsis : Suspected or confirmed infection with evidence of systemic inflammation (Demonstrated either through evidence of the systemic immune response syndrome or laboratory abnormalities) โ‘ก Severe sepsis Sepsis
โ€ข
evidence of new organ dysfunction thought to be secondary to tissue hypoperfusion โ‘ข Septic shock : Exists when cardiovascular failure occurs and carries the worst prognosis
โ€ข
8th์— ์žˆ๋˜ ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ 9th์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ญ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
โ…ก assessment (qSOFA)
โ€ข
Score โ‰ฅ2 ์‹œ high risk for poor outcome์„ ์˜ˆ์ธก
1.
Altered mental status GCS<15
2.
Respiratory rate โ‰ฅ22 breaths/min
3.
Systolic blood pressure โ‰ค100 mmHg
โ…ข. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) Prognosis
1.
SIRS โ†’ not a diagnosis or a good indicator of outcome (1) It is a crude means of stratification of patients with systemic inflammation (2) Fever (BT>38โ„ƒ) or hypothermia (BT<36โ„ƒ) (3) HR >90 or >2 SD above normal range (4) RR>20 (5) WBC>12000 or <4000 or >10% immature forms
2.
Lactate : ์˜ˆํ›„์ธ์ž์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํŒจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•„๋‹˜
โ…ฃ. Pathophysiology
โ€ข
Figure 151-2 (Pathogenic sequence of events in septic shock) : Warm shock
โ€ข
Peripheral vasodilatation and increased cardiac output์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ shock ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ „ : Cold shock
โ€ข
Intravascular volume depletion and septic cardiomyopathy์— ์˜ํ•œ shock ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ „
1.
Pulmonary injury : ARDS
2.
Renal injury : AKI, Azotemia, Oliguria, Anuria
3.
Hepatic injury : ALT, ALP, bilirubin ์ƒ์Šน (์‹ฌํ•œ ์ƒ์Šน ์‹œ๋Š” biliary source infection ๊ณ ๋ ค)
4.
GI changes : Ileus (Upper GI bleeding์€ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค)
5.
Hematologic changes : Neutropenia, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, DIC
6.
Metabolic changes : Lactate metabolism, hyperglycemia, adrenal insufficiency
7.
Skin : Cellulitis, erysipelas, and fasciitis, toxic shock syndrome
โ…ค. Diagnosis
1.
Sepsis : a clinical diagnosis
2.
High frequency of sepsis in ED patients with undifferentiated shock (40%) : ์›์ธ์ด ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•  ๋• septic shock์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ผ
3.
Sepsis๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด source๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋˜ resuscitative measures and antimicrobial intervension์„ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค
โ…ฅ. Treatment
โ€ข
์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ early recognition, early reversal (or prevention) of hemodynamic compromise, and early infection control์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐ โ†’ Sepsis์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ธ์ง€, ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์•ก ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ, ์Šน์••์ œ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌ, ์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ˆ์••์ด volume์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ volume overload๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Šน์••์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.
1.
Volume resuscitation (1) Crystalloids (saline, lactated Ringerโ€™s solution), 20~30ml/Kg bolus ๊ฐ€ ๋ฅผ ๋œ (2) Balanced fluids (such as lactated Ringerโ€™s) AKI ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์•ก ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์‹œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋จ (3) Colloid๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํŒจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋ถˆํ•„์š” (4) Hydroxyethyl starch๋Š” AKI risk ์ฆ๊ฐ€ (5) Physiologic or hemodynamic response๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํŒ๋‹จ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ crystalloid bolus๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ volume expansion ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€
2.
Vasopressor (1) Mean arterial pressure (>65mmHg), systolic blood pressure (>90mmHg) ๋ชฉํ‘œ (2) Norepinephrine : best first choice (3) Vasopressin : Second-line agent, NE์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ (4) Epinephrine : 1~20 microgram/min์œผ๋กœ titration ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ norepinephrine๊ณผ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž„ (5) Dopamine์€ ๋ถ€์ •๋งฅ๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ „์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ
3.
Central venous oxygenation Routine ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์œผ๋‚˜ SCVO2 <70% ์‹œ relative oxygen supply and demand mismatch๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•จ
4.
Lactate clearance (1) Serum lactate level์€ tissue perfusion์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ lactate level ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ tissue perfusion ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌ โ†’ 1~2์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ lactate level check (2) 10% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” clinical outcome์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค
5.
Treat infection (1) Severe sepsis ๊ฒฝ์šฐ broad-spectrum antibiotics ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํˆฌ์—ฌ (2) Outcome : Combination antibiotic therapy > monotherapy (3) Vancomycin : ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ 20~30mg/kg (4) ๋ฉด์—ญ์–ต์ œํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•ญ์ง„๊ท ์ œ/ํ•ญ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ œ ๊ณ ๋ ค (5) SSC recommendation : Severe sepsis ํ™•์ธ ํ›„ ์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์—, ์ ์–ด๋„ triage ์ดํ›„ 3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ์žฅ (๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ) (6) ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์šฐ์„  ํˆฌ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์„ ์  hemodynamic ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ์›”ํ•œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ (7) ์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ „ ๋ชจ๋“  infectious source sample๊ณผ blood culture๋ฅผ ์–ป๋˜ culture๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ํˆฌ์•ฝ์„ ์ง€์—ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•จ (8) ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ surgical source ๋ฐ indwelling vascular line๊ณผ device๋„ ์ œ๊ฑฐ (9) Recommendation for antibiotic regimens (table 151-2)
6.
Other therapies (1) Ventilation : Low tidal volume ventilation (6mL/kg IDW) with PEEP์ด ์ถ”์ฒœ (2) Glucose control : Hyperglycemia๋Š” sepsis ์˜ˆํ›„ ์•…ํ™”์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€ โ†’ Tight control (<110mg/dL)์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ, modest control (<180mg/dL) (3) Activated protein C : Sepsis์˜ ์˜ˆํ›„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ (4) Systemic corticosteroid โ‘  Refractory hemodynamic shock โ‘ก MV care ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ shock reversal time์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ์ด์ ์ด ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Œ
โ€ข
Survivng sepsis Guidelines 2017
1.
Fluid : at least 30cc/kg in first 3hr even in ESRD, CHF. use crystalloids, consider 5% albumin avoid starch solutions.
2.
Vasopressor : Use norepinephrine (NE), avoid dopamine, add Epinephrine if NE inadequate, add vasopressin to taper
3.
Steroid : No steroid, unless shock refractory to adequate fluids and vasopressors
4.
Antibiotics : Broad-spectrum (Vancomycin + Tapimycin), avoid double coverage.
5.
pRBC : only if Hb<7.0g/dl in the absence acute bleeding, MI, etc
6.
Source control ASAP
7.
Ventilator : TV 6cc/kg, plateau pressureโ‰ค30cmH2O, BiPAP role unknown
8.
Goal therapy : Target MAP 65mmHg, normalize lactate, glucose <180mg/dL