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D. Disorders of the testes and epididymis

D1. Testicular torsion

(1) Epidemiology

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Infarction & infertility ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ acute scrotal pain์—์„œ primary consider
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Perinatal๊ณผ puberty ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ํ˜ธ๋ฐœ
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์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ ํ–‰ event ์—†์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์—์„œ trauma ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ

(2) ์ฆ์ƒ

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Position๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†๋Š” lower abdomen, inguinal canal, testis์˜ acute severe pain
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ํ†ต์ฆ์€ ์ง€์†๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ intermittentํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.
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Vomiting์ด ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ torsion์ผ ํ™•๋ฅ  ๋†’์Œ
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Firm & tender involved testis, ๊ฑด์ธก testis์— ๋น„ํ•ด higher position, ํšก์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„์›€
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๋ณ‘์ธก cremasteric reflex์˜ ์ƒ์‹ค
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Prehn sign positive๊ฐ€ epididymitis์™€ ๊ฐ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ clue๋Š” ์•„๋‹˜

(3) ์ง„๋‹จ

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๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ urologist์—์„œ consult
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Doppler US : Absent or clearly reduced intratesticular blood flow
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Image ์ƒ torsion ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” urologist consult ํ•„์š”

(4) ์น˜๋ฃŒ

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Emergency surgical exploration (6hr ์ดํ›„๋ฉด ๋ณด์กด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๊ธ‰๊ฐ)
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Preoperative treatment๋กœ manual detorsion ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค (76% successful)
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2/3์—์„œ๋Š” lateral์—์„œ medial side๋กœ twist ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ detorsion ์‹œ ์ฑ… ํŽผ์น˜๋“ฏ medial to lateral motion ์‹œ๋„
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ํ†ต์ฆ ์™„ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ doppler US๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ detorsion ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.
โ—ฆ
Detorsion ์ค‘ ํ†ต์ฆ์ด ์•…ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋„, ์ฒซ ์‹œ๋„ ์‹œ 540ยฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹œ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

D2. Appendageal torsion

(1) ์ •์˜

: 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ ํ™˜ ๋ถ€์†๊ธฐ(appendix testis, appendix epididymis, paradidymis, vas aberrans)์˜ spontaneous torsion

(2) ์ฆ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ

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Testicular torsion๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‚˜ pain์ด testis ํ˜น์€ epididymis์˜ upper pole์— localization๋˜์–ด
์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Œ.
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Nausea/vomiting ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Œ.
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"Blue dot sign" : scrotal skin์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” blue spot์ด ํŠน์ง•์ ์ด๋‹ค.

(3) ์น˜๋ฃŒ

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Self limiting
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US๋กœ normal testicular blood flow ๋ณด์ผ ์‹œ surgical exploration ํ•„์š” ์—†์Œ
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Analgesics, bed rest, supportive care, f/u US
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3~5์ผ ํ›„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ์ƒ ํ˜ธ์ „๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, testicular swelling ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, US ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด ์• ๋งคํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ testicular torsion ๊ฐ๋ณ„ ์œ„ํ•ด surgical exploration ํ•„์š”

D3. Epididymitis (๋ถ€๊ณ ํ™˜์—ผ)

(1) ์›์ธ : ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„

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Young age : Sterile reflux of urine / Coliform bacteria / Congenital anomalies
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Young men (<35) : STDs / Associated complication (urethral stricture) Fungal or coliform infection (homosexual)
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Old men (>35) : Common urinary pathogen (E. coli, Klebsiella) / STDs / BPH/ Urethral stricture

(2) ์ฆ์ƒ

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Lower abdominal pain
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Inguinal canal pain
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Scrotal, testicular pain
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Voiding discomfort
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Scrotal elevation์— transient pain relief (positive Prehn sign)
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Pyuria

(3) US ์†Œ๊ฒฌ

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Increased or preserved blood flow to the testes, reactive hydrocele

(4) Admission criteria

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Fever, Clinical toxicity, Abscess formation

(5) ์น˜๋ฃŒ

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35์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, STD ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๋‚จ์ž : Ceftriaxone 250mg IM single + Doxycycline 100mg 2P 10 days
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35์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, STD ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ญ๋ฌธ์„ฑ๊ต๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž : Ceftriaxone 250mg IM single + Doxycycline 100mg 2P + Levofloxaxin 500mg qd 10 days
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35์„ธ ์ดํ›„ old man : Levofloxaxin 500mg qd 10 days : Amikacin sulfate 250mg IM +Zincef 250mg 2P (2์„ธ๋Œ€ cefa) - ๋ณธ์› UR
(๋ณธ์› ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋ก€) Amikacin sulfate 250mg IM Zincef 250mg tab 2P Noltec tab 10mg M Loxfen 60mg tab 3P Tacenol 6ER 3P

D4. Orchitis (๊ณ ํ™˜์—ผ)

(1) Isolated orchitis(inflammation of testis) (2) ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ other systemic infection (mumps, viral illness - coxsackie virus, Epstein-Barr
virus, varicella, or echovirus) ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค (3) Bacterial orchitis๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ epididymitis๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋จ (4) Immunocompromised patients
: mycobacteriosis, cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, candidiasis ๊ณ ๋ ค (5) ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” epididymitis์™€ ๋™์ผ

D5. Testicular malignancy

(1) Asymptomatic testicular mass with firmness or induration (2) 10% ์ •๋„์—์„œ๋Š” tumor bleeding์— ์˜ํ•œ pain ๋ฐœ์ƒ