Search
moon
sun

T235. Hemophillia, vWD

I. Introduction
1. Hemophilia : Clotting cascade์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ factor์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ถœํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜ (1) Factor VIII ๊ฒฐํ• : hemophilia A (2) Factor IX ๊ฒฐํ• : hemophilia B
2. vWD : vWF์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ฒฐํ• โ†’ PLT, ์‘๊ณ ์ธ์ž ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋ฌธ์ œ 3. ์ž‘์€ ์™ธ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์—์„œ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ถœํ˜ˆ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ์‹œ ์˜์‹ฌ (ํŠนํžˆ ๊ด€์ ˆ, ๊ทผ์œก) 4. Spontaneous deep bruises, hemarthrosis, retroperitoneal bleeding, intracranial bleeding
์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž โ†’ Coagulation factor deficiency ์˜์‹ฌ
II. Hemophilia
1. Epidemiology
(1) Hemophilia A >> hemophilia B : ํ•ฉ์น˜๋ฉด ์œ ์ „์  coagulation factor deficiency์˜ 99%. (2) X-linked disorder : ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„, ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์ฆ์ƒ carrier๋‚˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค (3) Spontaneous gene mutation์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
2. Pathophysiology
(1) Factor activity level์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. (2) ์ •์ƒ ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜ 30~40% (0.3~0.4 IU/ml) ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ถœํ˜ˆ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
3. Clinical features
(1) Easy bruising, joint & muscle์— ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ bleeding์ด ํŠน์ง•์ ์ž„. (2) ์™ธ์ƒ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ง€ํ˜ˆ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›€, abdomen, retroperitoneum, CNS ์ถœํ˜ˆ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ. (3) ๋ชจ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ™•์ธ. (4) Spontaneous ๋˜๋Š” trauma๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” (์‹ฌํ•œ) joint, muscle ๋˜๋Š” CNS bleeding
(Table 235-2)
4. Diagnosis
(1) PT (extrinsic coagulation cascade ๋ฐ˜์˜) : Normal (2) aPTT (intrinsic coagulation cascade ๋ฐ˜์˜)
1 Abnormal
2 Mild hemophilia์—์„  normal ์ผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (factor activity๊ฐ€ normal์˜ 30~40% ์ด์ƒ) (3) BT : Normal, not helpful (4) ํ™•์ง„ : Factor VIII, IX level์˜ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ์ธก์ •์‹œ <0.50 IU/mL (<50%) (5) ์—ฌ์„ฑ carrier ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์ „๊ฒ€์‚ฌ
: ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ํ™•์ง„, Chorionic villus sampling (9~14์ฃผ), Amniocentesis (15~17์ฃผ)
5. Treatment (1) General principles (Table 235-3)
1 Major or life-threatening bleeding : Factor replacement ์šฐ์„  ์‹œํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ : Intracranial, intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, retroperitoneal, ocular, airway bleeding ๋“ฑ์—
๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜์น˜ : ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋จผ์ € ํ˜น์€ ๋™์‹œ์— replacement ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ
2 Neck, tongue, retropharynx, pharynx์— bleeding : Airway ์œ ์ง€ ํ•„์š” 3 Intracranial hemorrhage๊ฐ€ ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ (acute severe headache, blunt head injury ํ›„)
: Brain CT scanning ์ „์— factor replacement therapy ๋จผ์ € 4 Iliopsoas muscle bleeding์€ retroperitoneal bleeding ์ค‘ ํ”ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ
: Hip pain ํ˜ธ์†Œ : ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๋ป—๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์–ด ํ•˜๊ณ  flexed, external rotation ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•จ : Femoral nerve ์••๋ฐ•๋˜๊ณ  ์†์ƒ, ์‹คํ˜ˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ anemia ๋ฐ circulatory shock ์œ ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
5 Muscle bleeding : Compartment syndrome ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ : Factor replacement ํ›„์— compartment pressure ์ธก์ •
6 Hemarthrosis : ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ : Hemophilic arthropathy์˜ long-term sequelae๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ
7 ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์€ subtleํ•˜๊ณ  benignํ•˜์—ฌ initial ๊ฒ€์ง„์—์„œ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ถ”ํ›„ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์ง€์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•จ
8 Central line, ABGA, lumbar puncture, IM injection : Factor replacement ์šฐ์„  ์‹œํ–‰ : Invasive procedure ์ „์—๋Š” factor replacement ๋จผ์ € ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ!
9 ํ†ต์ฆ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์‹œ, aspirin์ด๋‚˜ NSAIDs ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ œ์ œ๋Š” ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ 10 ๋ณ‘์› ๊ฐ„ ์ „์› ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ๋„ factor replacement ํ›„์— transfer
(2) Factor replacement therapy
โ€ข
Factor ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (Table 235-4) ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉด ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ factor๋ฅผ ์จ์•ผ ํ•จ. 1 Purification from human plasma 2 Recombinant technology from hamster or human embryonic kidney cell lines
: ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. (Table 235-5)
: Factor VIII - ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๊ธฐ 8~12์‹œ๊ฐ„ / kg๋‹น 1unit ํˆฌ์—ฌ โ†’ Plasma level์ด 2% ์ƒ์Šน : Factor IX - ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๊ธฐ 16~24์‹œ๊ฐ„ / kg๋‹น 1unit ํˆฌ์—ฌ โ†’ plasma level์ด 1% ์ƒ์Šน : Cryotherapy - Hemarthrosis์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ benefit์ด ์ฆ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ
6. Special considerations (1) Oral & mocosal bleeding
1 ์ž…์—์„œ bleeding์€ ์„ฑ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ์•„์—์„œ ๋” ํ”ํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. 2 Bleeding area ํ™•์ธ
โ†’ Inadequate clot ์ œ๊ฑฐ โ†’ Topical bovine thrombin spray or gelatin sponge apply 3 Severe bleeding ์‹œ factor replacement + Antifibrinolytic agents
(ex. Aminocaproic acid & Tranexamic acid)
(2) Mild hemophilia A (factor level์ด normal์˜ 5% ์ด์ƒ) 1 Mild bleeding ์‹œ ํ•ญ์ƒ factor replacement๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Œ 2 Desmopressin ํˆฌ์—ฌ (Table 235-6)
: Endothelial cell์—์„œ vWF ๋ถ„๋น„ ์ž๊ทน โ†’ vWF ์ฆ๊ฐ€ โ†’ plasma์˜ factor VIII ์šด๋ฐ˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ : ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํˆฌ์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‚˜, ์ €์žฅ๋ผ ์žˆ๋˜ factor VIII๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์ง„๋˜๋ฉด desmopressin ํšจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์†Œ : Antidiuretic agent์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— fluid restriction ํ•„์š”, intranasal form์€ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค.
(3) Hematuria
1 ํ”ํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ severe ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ 2 Rest & hydration์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ 3 Gross hematuria ์‹œ Factor replacement 4 Nephrolithiasis ์˜ risk factor
(4) Factor inhibitors
1 Replacement factor์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ antibody : severe hemophilia ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋จ 2 Factor replacement ํšจ๊ณผ ์ €ํ•˜ ๋ฐ factor replacement ์‹œ์— anaphylaxis๋„ ์œ ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ 3 Inhibitor๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” hemophilic ํ™˜์ž ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ
: Inhibitor titer๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ณ  (<5 Bethesda inhibitor assay) ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ Ab์— ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ โ†’ Factor ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•ด์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” Ab๋ฅผ ์••๋„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ค€๋‹ค.
: ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ replacement therapy๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. (Table 235-7)
(5) Acquired hemophilia
1 Factor VIII์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ autoantibody๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ 2 Purpura ๋‚˜ internal bleeding ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ, hemarthrosis๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค. 3 ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์ถœํ˜ˆ ์‹œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” inhibitor antibody๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด anti-inhibitor coagulant complex๋‚˜
coagulation factor VIIa (recombinant)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. (Table 235-7)
(6) Postpartum acquired hemophilia
1 ๋“œ๋ฌผ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2 ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž„์‹ ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถœ์‚ฐ 2๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„ํ—˜, ์งˆ์ถœํ˜ˆ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด๋‹ค. 3 ์ถœํ˜ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” anti-inhibitor coagulant complex๋‚˜ coagulation factor VIIa (recombinant)
์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. (Table 235-7) 4 Autoantibody ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์›”์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ์ ์  ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” remission ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž„์‹ ์—์„œ
์žฌ๋ฐœ์€ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค.
7. Disposition & Follow-up
(1) Typical joint, soft tissue, nasal bleeding : ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์—์„œ initial treatment ํ›„ ํ‡ด์› ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ (2) ์ž…์› ์ ์‘์ฆ
1 Multiple factor replacement 2 Parenteral pain control ํ•„์š” ์‹œ 3 Bleeding (CNS, neck, pharynx, retropharynx, retroperitoneum) 4 Compartment syndrome ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
III. von Willebrandโ€™s disease
1. Epidemiology
(1) ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์„ ์ฒœ์  bleeding disorder (์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ฝ 1%) (2) ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ, ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์€ 1% ์ •๋„ (3) Congenital vWD : 3 major groups (Table 235-8) (4) Acquired vWD : autoAb to vWF
2. Pathology
(1) vWF : vascular endothelial cell์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ, ์ €์žฅ, ๋ถ„๋น„๋จ. ์ง€ํ˜ˆ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ key role (2) Platelet adhesion์˜ cofactor
: vWF๊ฐ€ subendothelial matrix ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ โ†’ vWF ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™” โ†’ Plt glycoprotein Ib์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ โ†’ Plt activation & adhesion
(3) factor VIII์˜ carrier protein : vWF๋Š” plama ๋‚ด์˜ proteolytic degradation์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ factor VIII๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ
3. Clinical features
(1) Skin, mucosal bleeding์ด ํ”ํ•จ : Recurrent epistaxis, gingival bleeding, unusual bruising, GI bleeding, menorrhagia
(2) Hemarthrosis๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค. (3) Mild ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
4. Diagnosis
(1) Bleeding time ์—ฐ์žฅ, vWF antigen ๊ฐ์†Œ ํ˜น์€ ์ •์ƒ, vWF activity ๊ฐ์†Œ (2) PT ์ •์ƒ, aPTT ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ์žฅ (ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„) (3) Mild hemophilia A์™€ ๊ฐ๋ณ„์ง„๋‹จ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
5. Treatment (1) Nontransfusional therapy
1 Desmopressin : Type 1 vWD ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ผ์ฐจ ์น˜๋ฃŒ, endothelium ๋‚ด ์ €์žฅ์†Œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” vWF ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•จ
(vWF ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ 2-4๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€) : Desmopressin์€ endothelium์— hemostasis๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค
2 ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ : ์ €์žฅ๋ผ ์žˆ๋˜ vWF๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์ง„๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํšจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์†Œ 3 IV ๋ฐ intranasal spray๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ 4 ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ›„์—๋Š” 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ fluid restriction์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ. (Hyponatremia ๋ฐฉ์ง€)
(2) Transfusional therapy
1 Desmopressin์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์—†๋Š” type 1 vWD & type 2, 3 vWD ํ™˜์ž 2 vWF๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œ ํ•œ plasma derivatives ์‚ฌ์šฉ (Table 235-4) 3 Cryoprecipitate : Factor VIII๊ณผ vWF ํ•จ์œ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ viral inactivation ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
life-threatening emergency์—์„œ factor VIII concentrates ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ์จ์•ผ ํ•จ 4 Platelet : vWF products์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” type 3 vWD ํ™˜์ž
(3) Additional therapy
1 Antiplatelet effect๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•ฝ์€ ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ (Aspirin, NSAIDs, Antiplatelet agents, Heparin, ์ผ๋ถ€ antibiotics ๋“ฑ)
2 Significant epistaxis : Desmopressin์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ˆ, ํšจ๊ณผ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด intranasal topical therapy ๋‚˜ cauterization ํ•„์š”
3 Menorrhagia๊ฐ€ young women์—์„œ ํ”ํ•จ : Oral contraceptives 4 Dental injury ๋˜๋Š” oral cavity ๋‚ด ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ์‹œ์ˆ 
: Antifibrinolytic agent (Aminocaproic acid, tranexamic acid)
6. Disposition & Follow-up
(1) ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ vWD ํ™˜์ž์˜ bleeding episodes๋Š” ๊ตญ์†Œ์  ์ฒ˜์น˜ ๋ฐ desmopressin์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋จ (2) ์ž…์› ์ ์‘์ฆ
1 Multiple factor replacement 2 Parenteral pain control ํ•„์š” ์‹œ 3 Bleeding (CNS, neck, pharynx, retropharynx, retroperitoneum) 4 Compartment syndrome ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ