Search
moon
sun

T98. Ectopic pregnancy and emergencies in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy

โ€ข
Pregnancy test
1.
Qualitative test : + (โ‰ฅ20mIU/mL in urine & โ‰ฅ10mIU/mL in serum)
2.
Bedside urine test๊ฐ€ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์ž๊ถ์™ธ ์ž„์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
3.
The sensitivity of quantitative serum test(โ‰ฅ5 mIU/mL๋„ detect๊ฐ€๋Šฅ)๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

A. Ectopic pregnancy

1, Pathophysiology
(1) The vast majority of ectopic pregnancies : Fallopian tube, abdominal, cervical, cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy ๋“ฑ 2. History (1) ์ž๊ถ์™ธ ์ž„์‹ ์˜ 70%์—์„œ amenorrhea๊ฐ€ ๔€Ÿฟ๊ณ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, No missed menses are reported in 15% of ectopic pregnancy cases. (2) Prior tubal surgery๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž„์‹ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฆ๋ช…๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž๊ถ ์™ธ ์ž„์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค. (3) Vaginal spotting or bleeding (pain์ด ์—†๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์งˆ์ถœํ˜ˆ์€ ์ž๊ถ์™ธ์ž„์‹  ๊ณ ๋ ค)
3.
Diagnosis
โ€ข
The diagnosis of pregnancy์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์šฐ์„ ์ด๋‹ค.
โ€ข
The definitive diagnosis : US, Laparoscopy, Surgery (1) Serum ฮฒ-hCG โ‘  The dynamics of ฮฒ-hCG : ์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ๊ณผ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ‘ก ์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ์€ 9~10์ฃผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋А๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ‘ข ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ์„ ํ™•์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. โ‘ฃ Doubling time (ฮฒ-hCG๊ฐ€ 2๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„) : ์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ‰๊ท  2์ผ : ์ž๊ถ์™ธ์ž„์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋„ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  doubling time๋„ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
โ€ข
์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ์€ 49์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด ฮฒ-hCG๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์†Œ 53% ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค. (ํ‰๊ท  1์ผ์— 53%, 2์ผ์— 124%) ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 53% ์ด์ƒ ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž๊ถ์™ธ์ž„์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. (2) Progesterone โ‘  Progesterone์ด ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ์ž„์‹  ์‹คํŒจ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. โ‘ก Most pathologic pregnancies : โ‰ค10nanograms/mL โ‰ค5 nanograms/mL : nearly 100% pathologic (์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ์—์„œ โ‰ค2.5๋Š” ๔€Ÿฟ๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์—†๋‹ค)
>25 nanograms/mL : 97% sensitivity for viable IUP โ‘ข ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง ๋‹จ๋… ๋˜๋Š” ํ™•์ง„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค. (3) US and Ectopic Pregnancy โ‘  Transvaginal US scanning : IUP or an ectopic pregnancy์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์ง„๋‹จ์— ๋„์›€ โ‘ก Operator-dependentํ•œ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ‘ข Transabdominal US๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„  ์‹œํ–‰ (less invasive, wider field of view and easier orientation to pelvic organ) โ†’ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉด transvaginal US ์‹œํ–‰ (better visualization of early pregnancy)
โ‘ฃ US์—์„œ IUP๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ์ด ๔€Ÿฟ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ heterotopic pregnancy์˜ risk๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ž๊ถ์™ธ์ž„์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (Heterotopic pregnancy : ์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ๊ณผ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๋ถˆ์ž„์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ)
(4) The Discriminatory Zone ์ •์˜ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ์—์„œ โ‘  : ์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ์ด ๔€Ÿฟ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ฮฒ-hCG level โ‘ก ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ๋„ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ž„์‹ ๋„ ํ™•์ธ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ฮฒ-hCG๊ฐ€ Discriminatory Zone๔€Ÿฟ๋‹ค ๋†’์œผ๋‚˜ empty uterus์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž๊ถ์™ธ์ž„์‹ ์„ ์˜์‹ฌ. (1500mIU/mL - ์งˆ์‹์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ, 6000mIU/mL - ๋ณต๋ถ€์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ)
โ€ข
Equivocal case์—์„œ ์˜์ƒ์ „๋ฌธ์˜์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜‘์ง„์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ  ฮฒ-hCG๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„๋„ ์ž๊ถ์™ธ์ž„์‹ ์ด ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. (5) Other Diagnostic Modalities โ‘  MRI : High sensitivity & specificity, but cost, availability, and the time to perform โ‘ก Culdocentesis : ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๋Œ€์‹  ์‚ฌ์šฉ. ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์–‘์„ฑ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ surgical intervention ๊ณ ๋ ค. : Dry aspiration์€ ์ง„๋‹จ์  ์˜๋ฏธ ์—†์Œ. : Clearํ•˜๊ณ  non-bloody โ†’ Negative / Nonclotting blood constitutes โ†’ Positive : No consensus regarding the criteria for a positive test : ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ rupture์—์„œ +์ด๋‚˜ unrupture์—์„œ๋„ + ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ โ‘ข Laparoscopy : both diagnostic and therapeutic, but invasive
4.
Treatment (1) Surgical or medical โ‘  V/S stable & Unrupture : Surgical - Laparoscopic salpingostomy (MTX, salpingotomy, and salpingectomy ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ฐจ์ด ์—†์Œ) โ‘ก V/S unstable : Laparotomy (2) Methotrexate(MTX) : Only drug โ‘  ํ˜ˆ์—ญํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •, ๔€ €ํ†ต์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ์žฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์ด์ƒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ โ‘ก IM(๋” ์„ ํ˜ธ๋จ) or G-sac์— ์ง์ ‘์ฃผ์ž… ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ โ‘ข Side effect : ๔€ €ํ†ต (๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•จ), ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ˜ธ์ „๋˜๋‚˜ ํ•„์š” ์‹œ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ โ‘ฃ V/S์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ lab ์ƒ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์ด ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜๋ฉด surgical intervention ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
(3) Rh Seroconversion and Indications for Anti-D Immunoglobulin โ‘  Rh O (D) antigen์€ ์ž„์‹  5.5~6์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. โ‘ก 0.1ml์˜ ํƒœ์•„์˜ ํ”ผ๋งŒ ๋ชจ์ฒด์™€ ์„ž์—ฌ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. โ‘ข ์ž„์‹  12์ฃผ ์ด์ „ ์ง„๋‹จ : Treatment with 50micrograms of RhoGAM for Rh-negative women with ectopic pregnancy (Full dose of 300micrograms is acceptable as well)
โ€ข
Diagnostic algorithm for suspected ectopic pregnancy

B. Emergencies in the First 20 Weeks of Pregnancy

โ€ข
Common Causes of Vaginal Bleeding During the First Trimester of Pregnancy : Abortion, Ectopic pregnancy, Gestational trophoblastic disease, Implantation bleeding (physiologic)
1.
Spontaneous abortion (1) 20์ฃผ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š” 500g ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ํƒœ์•„๋ฅผ ์žƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋จ
(2) ์ฃผ ์ฆ์ƒ : Bleeding with or without abdominal pain (3) ์ง„๋‹จ : serum ฮฒ-hCG level check, lab test, US (4) ์น˜๋ฃŒ โ‘  Threatened abortion : Discharge & bed rest ๊ถŒ๊ณ  โ‘ก Incomplete abortion : ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ•„์š” โ€“ Medication (PO misoprostol, 600micrograms) or Surgical (D&C) โ‘ข Complete abortion : Discharge & f/u, ํ™•์‹ค์น˜ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์‚ฐ๋ถ€์ธ๊ณผ ํ˜‘์ง„ โ‘ฃ Fetus๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ๔€Ÿฟ์ด๋ฉด ์ž…์› ๋˜๋Š” 1์ฃผ ๋’ค f/u, ์ถœํ˜ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž…์› โ‘ค ์ž„์‹ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ vaginal bleeding ์žˆ๊ณ  Rh-negative์ด๋ฉด RhoGAM ์น˜๋ฃŒ
2.
Septic abortion (1) Spontaneous or other abortion complicated by a pelvic infection (2) ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  IV antibiotics, hydration, ์‚ฐ๋ถ€์ธ๊ณผ consult
3.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (1) Broad spectrum of conditions (2) Uncomplicated partial hydatidiform molar pregnancy ~ Stage IV choriocarcinoma with cerebral metastases (3) ์ฆ์ƒ โ‘  Vaginal bleeding โ‘ก Hyperemesis โ‘ข ์ž„์‹  second trimester๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋ฉด pre-eclampsia ์œ ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ (24์ฃผ ์ด์ „์— ์ž„์‹ ์„ฑ ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์•• ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์˜์‹ฌ) (4) ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ฮฒ-hCG level, ์ž๊ถ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , US ์ƒ ์˜์‹ฌ ์‹œ ํ˜‘์ง„ (5) ์น˜๋ฃŒ : Suction curettage, ฮฒ-hCG์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ chemotherapy ๊ณ ๋ ค
4.
Implantation bleeding
5.
Nausea and vomiting, Hyperemesis gravidarum (1) 12์ฃผ ์ด์ „์— ์ž˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ (2) N/V ์ฆ์ƒ์ด volume depletion ์—†์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ ์ด๋‚˜, ๔€ €ํ†ต์ด ๋™๋ฐ˜๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, Hyperemesis gravidarum์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆํ™˜ ๊ฐ๋ณ„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. (3) ์น˜๋ฃŒ : Hydration