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T281. Hip and knee joint pain

A. Pathophysiology and anatomy

1. Hip joint : Ball-and-socket joint, ์„ฌ์œ ์—ฐ๊ณจ์„ฑ ๊ด€์ ˆ๋ง‰, ๊ด€์ ˆ๋‚ญ, ์ธ๋Œ€, ๊ทผ์œก์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€ํƒฑ๋จ. 2. Knee : Largest synovial joint

B. Nerves of the upper leg and referred pain

1. Sciatic n. (Post.์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฃผํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ) and Femoral n. (Lumbar plexus์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ถ„์ง€) โ†’ ์ด ๋‘˜์ด ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ 2. ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ ํ†ต์ฆ์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๊ตญ์†Œ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ. 3. ์—‰๋ฉ์ด ํ†ต์ฆ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—‰๋ฉ์ด, ํ—ˆ๋ฒ…์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒ€๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ ๋А๊ปด์ง. 4. ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ตญ์†Œ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค, ex) ๋ณต๊ฐ• ๋‚ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜ ์ข…์–‘, Diverticular, Epidural, psoas abscess AAA ํ™•์žฅ ํ˜น์€ ํŒŒ์—ด (๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ด€์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์™•๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์‹ ์ฒด์ง„์ฐฐ ์ƒ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ํ†ต์ฆ) Zoster ๋“ฑ

C. Diagnosis of knee and hip disease and syndromes

C1. Imaging

(1) Simple radiology

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Soft tissue injury๋‚˜ overuse syndrome์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ
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์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ spurring, calcification derangements, inflammatory processes ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.

(2) US

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Intra-articular, bursal effusions, soft tissue swelling, muscle ํ˜น์€ tendon injury ํ™•์ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
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Popliteal cyst, DVT ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ๋ณ„์— ์œ ์šฉ.

(3) CT

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๊ณจ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ
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Identify intra-articular loose bodies, visualizes early changes of osteonecrosis, labrum๊ณผ joint capsule ์ด์ƒ๋„ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

(4) MRI

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์—ฐ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ ๊ณจ์งˆ ์ด์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ. ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์™ธ๋ž˜ ํ™˜์ž
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AVN์ด๋‚˜ Inflammation, infection ๋“ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉ

D. Specific syndromes and disease by location

D1. Psoas abscess

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S. aureus : m/c 80%
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M. tuberculosis : Common pathogen in immune-compromised hosts and in non-Western countries
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์—‰๋ฉ์ด, ๋ณตํ†ต, ์˜†๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ํ†ต์ฆ, ๋ฐœ์—ด ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ
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CT๋กœ ํ™•์ง„
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Anti Bx. & Surgical consultation for percutaneous or open drainage

D2. Regional nerve entrapment syndromes

(Anteolateral thigh, abdominal wall, groin/inner thigh)

(1) Meralgia Paresthetica (Anterolateral Thigh pain)

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Lower extremity nerve entrapment syndromes (lateral femoral cutaneous nerve)
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Hp, thigh, groin area(proximal anterior lateral aspect of the leg)๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” pain.
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์น˜๋ฃŒ : NSAIDs, local injections, weight loss

(2) Obturator Nerve Entrapment (Medial Thigh/Groin pain)

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Trauma and pelvic fracture ํ›„์— ์ž˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, surgery๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ

(3) Ilioinguinal nerve entrapment (Groin pain)

(4) Piriformis Syndrome (Buttock/Posterior Thigh pain)

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Sciatic nerve, distal extremity์˜ pain
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์น˜๋ฃŒ : Conservative

D3. Bursal syndromes of the hip area and knee

* ํ†ต์ฆ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์€ ์œ„์˜ ํ‘œ ์ฐธ์กฐ

(1) Trochanteric Brusitis (Posterolateral Hip pain)

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Gluteus medius tear์ด trochanteric bursitis๋กœ ์˜ค์ง„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ Gluteus medius tear๋Š” rotator cuff injury of the hip์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.

(2) Treatment of bursitis

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์›์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ
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์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜ : Conservative management (NSAID, ํœด์‹, heat ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„) : Steroid ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ, Inj.์€ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋งŒ ์œ ์šฉ : ๋‹จ, steroid inj.์€ Tendon์— ๊ธˆ์ง€ โ€“ ํŒŒ์—ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
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์›์ธ ๋ถˆ๋ช… : ์—ผ์ฆ(rest, NSAID)๊ณผ ๊ฐ์—ผ(Anti Bx.) ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ™•์ธ
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๋ฐฐ์•ก ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” Chap 284 ์ฐธ์กฐ
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๋งŒ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์  ํก์ธ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ๋ฐฐ์•ก ํ˜น์€ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์–ต์ œ ํ™˜์ž : ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜์‹ฌ ํ˜น์€ toxicity๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด IV anti Bx. ์™€ OS ํ˜‘์ง„

D4. Bone / Articular derangements (Diffuse/Varied joint pain)

(1) ๋ฌดํ˜ˆ์„ฑ๊ดด์‚ฌ Osteonecrosis (aseptic necrosis, ischemic necrosis, and avascular necrosis)

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ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” bone infarction
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Plain radiographs mottled density and lucencies, ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ CT/MRI๊ฐ€ ์œ ์šฉ
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ๊ด€์ ˆ ์น˜ํ™˜์ˆ 

(2) ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์—ผ (Osteomyelitis)

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Bone์˜ bacteria๋‚˜ fungus์— ์˜ํ•œ infection์œผ๋กœ bony changes and destruction์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ด
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Contiguous structures (80%), hematogenous spread (20%) Child : Long bone, Adult : spine์—์„œ ์ข€๋” ํ˜ธ๋ฐœ
5. Core treatment : NSAIDs, rest, heat, conservative treatment

(3) Bone tumor

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Bone meta : ๊ณ ๋ น์˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์•…์„ฑ์˜์‹ฌ ๊ณจ ์ข…์–‘์ด ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ๋จผ์ € ์˜์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.
์›๋ฐœ๋ถ€์œ„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด bone scan, PET, Chest/Abdomen CT, Biopsy ๋“ฑ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ.
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Primary bone sarcoma
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Hematologic malignancy

(4) Paget's disease

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์ฆ์ƒ: ๋ผˆ ํ†ต์ฆ, ๋ผˆ ๋ณ€ํ˜•, ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์••๋ฐ•(์ฒญ๋ ฅ/์‹œ๋ ฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๋งˆ๋น„ ๋“ฑ)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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ํŠน์ง•: ๋ผˆ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์™€ ์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‘๊ป๊ณ  ์•ฝํ•œ ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.ํŒŒ์ œํŠธ ๊ณจ์งˆํ™˜์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๊ณจ์กฐ์ง์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๊ณ  ์žฌ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํŠน์ • ๋ผˆ์—์„œ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ชธ์˜ ์–ด๋А ๋ผˆ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜, ์‡„๊ณจ, ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ณจ, ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ๊ณผ ํ•˜์ง€๋ผˆ์—์„œ ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋ผˆ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ ์ฐจ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณจ์ ˆ์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.
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ํŒŒ์ œํŠธ ๊ณจ์งˆํ™˜์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 50์„ธ ์ดํ›„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ 80์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋„ 10๋ช… ์ค‘ 1๋ช…๊ผด๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์งˆํ™˜์€ ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ์ œํŠธ ๊ณจ์งˆํ™˜์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ, ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์•„์‹œ์•„์™€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค.
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์ง„๋‹จ: X-๋ ˆ์ด๋กœ ๋ผˆ ์ด์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.