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T265. Genitourinary trauma

A. Introduction

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Blunt GU injuries : Falls, Assaults, MV carshes, Sports.
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Penetrating injuries : Gunshot, Stab wound.
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GU oragans injurries : ๋Œ€๋žต 5% of traumas, isolated injuries๋Š” uncommon
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์†Œ์•„๊ฐ€ more susceptible : Lack of peri adipose tissue, ๋ชธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํฐ kidney size.

B. General clinical features

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P/E์‹œ, perineal injury์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ probeํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง ๊ฒƒ. Bleeding์ด ์‹ฌํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Rectal exam : Sphinctor tone, position of the prostate gland, presence of blood
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Speculum exam : To exclude vaginal laceration

C. Kidney injuries

C1. Introduction

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Abdominal trauma์˜ up to 10%
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์†Œ๋ณ€๊ฒ€์‚ฌ : ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ด๋‚˜, ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์  ํ˜ˆ๋‡จ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์†์ƒ์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐ๋„์™€ ์ง์ ‘์  ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค
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Blunt trauma์—์„œ gross hematuria๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์‹ ์žฅ์†์ƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ๋‹ค.
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SBP<90mmHg์™€ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์  ํ˜ˆ๋‡จ๋„ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค.
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์†Œ์•„์—์„œ RBC <50/HPF(high-powered field)๋Š” ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ์žฅ ์†์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค.

C2. Diagnosis

(1) Imaging ๋ชฉ์ 

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์‹ ์žฅ ์†์ƒ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ํ‰๊ฐ€
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์†์ƒ๋œ ์‹ ์žฅ์˜ preexisting pathology
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŽธ ์‹ ์žฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ธก์ •
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์†์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€

(2) Gold standard : IV contrast-ehnanced CT

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์ขŒ์ƒ, ์—ด์ƒ, ํ˜ˆ์ข…, ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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early phase์—์„œ ์กฐ์˜์ œ ์œ ์ถœ์ด ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด ์ง„ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Urinary extravasation : ์กฐ์˜๋œ ์†Œ๋ณ€์ด ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ 10๋ถ„์ •๋„ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ œ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” delayed scan์ด ์ถ”์ฒœ๋จ.
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์‹ ์žฅ์ด ์ •์ƒ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด๊ณ  abnormal fluid collection ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด delayed scan์€ ์ƒ๋žต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.

(3) FAST

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intraperitoeal fliud๋Š” ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ ์ข‹์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ ์žฅ ์†์ƒ ๋ฐ ์‹ ์žฅ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์†์ƒ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์ œํ•œ

(4) Renal Angiography

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์‹ ์žฅ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์†์ƒ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œํ–‰. ๊ทธ ํ›„ embolization ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. delayed traumatic AV fistulas๋„ embolization์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค.

(5) Grading of renal injury

C3. Treatment

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์‹ ์žฅ ํƒ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ ์ค‘์žฌ์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ์ ์‘์ฆ
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์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถœํ˜ˆ : ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๋Š”, ๋ฐ•๋™์„ฑ์˜, ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ์–ด๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ›„๋ณต๋ง‰ ํ˜ˆ์ข…
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์‹ ์žฅ ์ ˆ๋‹จ ์†์ƒ (Grade 5 ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์†์ƒ)
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ณด์กด์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ (Grade 5 ์‹ค์งˆ ์†์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ)
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CT์—์„œ ์‹ ์žฅํ˜ˆ๊ด€์†์ƒ์ด ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด โ†’ ์‘๊ธ‰ ์™ธ๊ณผ ํ˜‘์ง„

C4. Complication

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์ง€์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ถœํ˜ˆ -1 ๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„, AVF ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ (25% Gr III or IV)
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Urinary extravasation
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Urinoma
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Perinephric abscess
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Hypertension

D. Ureter injuries

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Isolated ureteral injury๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค.
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ํ˜ˆ๋‡จ๊ฐ€(70%์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ) ์—†์–ด๋„ ์š”๊ด€ ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.

D1. Diagnosis

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์šฐ์„  enhanced APCT with delayed phase๋กœ extravasation ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณธ๋‹ค.
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CT ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด๋ฐ ์š”๊ด€์†์ƒ ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜๋ฉด IV pyelography or retrograde pyelography๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰.

D2. Treatment

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Operation
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Partial tear๋Š” stent๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ simple laceration์€ stent ๋„ฃ๊ณ  primarily repair

E. Bladder injuries

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Blunt abdomen trauma์˜ 2%, ๊ทธ์ค‘ 70~97%๋Š” pelvic fracture์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€.
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Distended bladder์˜ direct blow๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ฃผ์ทจ์ž (bladder often distended)์˜ motor vehicle crash (High energy pelvic Fx.)์—์„œ ์˜์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.
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ํ•˜๋ณต๋ถ€ ํ†ต์ฆ, ์••ํ†ต, gross hematuria
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Gross hematuria : ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘ ์†์ƒํ…Œ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค

E1. Diagnosis

(1) Gold standard : Retrograde cystogram

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At least 350cc, retrograde fashion through indwelling bladder catheter
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์กฐ์˜์ œ์˜ ๋ˆ„์ถœ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘ ์†์ƒ๋ถ€์œ„
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๋ณต๊ฐ• ๋‚ด๋กœ ๋ˆ„์ถœ : intraperitoneal rupture ์˜๋ฏธ.
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๋ฐฉ๊ด‘๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ํ›„๋ณต๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„์ถœ : extraperitoneal rupture ์˜๋ฏธ.

(2) Contrast CT : ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์†์ƒ ์ง„๋‹จ์—๋Š” ๋นˆ๊ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค

(3) US : not accurate

Bladder rupture

E2. Treatments

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55%๊ฐ€ extraperitoneal, 38%๊ฐ€ intraperitoneal, combined๊ฐ€ 5~8%.
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Intraperitoneal โ†’ Surgical exploration & repair
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Extraperitoneal โ†’ Usually be managed with bladder catheter drainage alone
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Missed Intraperitoneal rupture โ†’ Urinary ascites, local abscess, peritonitis, or sepsis
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Missed bladder neck injury, rectal or vaginal injury โ†’ Incontinence or fistula
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Sacral nerve roots๋‚˜ pelvic nerves injury โ†’ Neurogenic bladder๋‚˜ impotence

F. Urethral injuries

F1. Posterior urethral injuries

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Posterior urethra๋Š” prostatic & membranous portion์ด๋‹ค.
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Major blunt trauma์—์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Pelvic Fx์—์„œ ๋™๋ฐ˜ (4~6%)
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Shearing force ๋•Œ๋ฌธ (prostatic-membranous urethral junction)

F2. Anterior Urethral injuries

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Anterior urethra๋Š” fixed bulbar segment & penile segment์ด๋‹ค.
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๋ณดํ†ต direct perineal trauma๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.

F3. Clinical features

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Hematuria, dysuria or inability to void.
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Posterior urethral injury์—์„œ urinary retention, blood at the meatus, high-riding prostate
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Hematuria is helpful, but neither specific nor sensitive
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๋„๋‡จ๊ด€์ด ์ž˜ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํž˜์ค˜์„œ ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.

F4. Diagnosis

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Retrograde urethrogram (Contrast 20~30cc ํˆฌ์—ฌ)
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CT ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ „ retrograde urethrogram ํ•˜๋ฉด CT ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ embolization treatment์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ trauma surgeon, ๋น„๋‡จ๊ธฐ๊ณผ, ์˜์ƒ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ์™€ ์ƒ์˜ โ˜…

F5. Treatments

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๋‚จ์„ฑ์—์„œ pelvic Fx.์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ post. Urethral injury๋Š” Suprapubic catheter (๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์ฐฝ๋ƒ„์ˆ ) ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ์ถ”ํ›„์— ํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Penetrating์— ์˜ํ•œ ant. urethra injury๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ.
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Female์€ urethrogrpahy๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€. urethroscopy๊ฐ€ ๋” ์œ ์šฉ

G. External Genitalia Injuries

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Color Doppler US : Diagnostic modality of choice of scrotal/testicualr trauma
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Penile prothesis๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ genitalia trauma๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด urologic consultation

G1. Penile Fx.

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Rupture of the corpus cavernosum.
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Cracking sound, pain, detumescence, rapid swelling, discoloration, visible deformity
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Emergent urologic consultation

G2. Other penile injury

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Penile amputation์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์žํ•ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘์žฅ๋น„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ
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Penetrating injury๋Š” less commonํ•˜๊ณ  urethra๋ฅผ ์†์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.
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Penile injury๋Š” urethral injury๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ retrograde urethrogram๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ ค.

G3. Testicular Injury

(1) Testicular contusion

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Conservative Tx.

(2) Testicular rupture

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Immediate drainage & repair

(3) Penetrating scrotal trauma

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Immediate scrotal exploration

G4. Zipper injury

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Mineral oil & lidocaine infilatation, wire-cutting or bone-cutting Pilers ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€ํผ์— ๋ผ์ธ penile skin์„ ๋นผ๋ƒ„