Search
moon
sun

CHAPTER 73. Injuries From Nonvenomous Aquatic Animals

A. Divisions and Definitions

1.
those that bite, rip, puncture, or deliver an electric shock without envenomation
2.
those that sting (envenom)
3.
those that are poisonous on ingestion
4.
those that induce allergies

B. General Principles of First Aid

Although many injuries and envenomations have unique clinical presentations, the cornerstone of therapy is immediate attention to the airway, breathing, and circulation

C. Wound Management

C1. Wound Irrigation

โ€ข
Normal Saline > tap water ๊ถŒ์žฅ. ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์€ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
โ€ข
์ตœ์†Œ 100~250cc ์ด์ƒ, ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋งˆ๋‹ค.
โ€ข
Wound ๊ฐ€ highly contaminated์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Povidone-iodine๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ antiseptics๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, antiseptics๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ NS๋‚˜ tap water๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ irrigation ํ•ด์ค˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

C2. Wound Debridement

โ€ข
Debridement is more effective than irrigation at removing bacteria and debris.
โ€ข
Anesthesia๊ฐ€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
โ€ข
Surgical debridement๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (foreign body, teeth, spine ๋“ฑ์˜ localization์„ ์œ„ํ•ด)

C3. Wound Closure

โ€ข
The decision to close a wound must weigh the risk of infection.
โ€ข
Tight wound closure restricts drainage and promotes bacterial proliferation, particularly from anaerobes, which are common contaminants.
โ€ข
Whenever possible, the use of sutures to close dead space in contaminated wounds should be minimized because the absorbable sutures act as foreign bodies.
1.
Prophylaxis Against Tetanus

D. Bacteriology of the Aquatic Environment

โ€ข
๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋“ฑ๋ผˆ, ์กฐ๊ฐœ ๋“ฑ / ์„œํ•‘, ์Šค๋…ธํด๋ง, ๋‹ค์ด๋น™, ๋‚š์‹œ ๋“ฑ / ์ฒญ์†Œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์–ด์„ , ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ ร  ์ˆ˜์ƒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜๊ณ , ํ‘œ์ค€ ํ•ญ๊ท  ์š”๋ฒ•์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ ร  ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.

D1. Marine Bacteriology

(1) Marine environment

โ€ข
์ฃผ๋กœ ํ˜๊ธฐ์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
โ€ข
ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— bacteria๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ง€๋งŒ, ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ, ๋ชจ๋ž˜, ํ•ด์–‘ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ๋‚ด์—๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
โ€ข
์ƒ์–ด๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ bacteria๋ฅผ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

(2) Diversity of Organism

โ€ข
๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์„œ, ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค.

D2. Wound Infection Caused by Vibrio Species

โ€ข
Anaerobic, gram-negative rod. ์œ„์žฅ๋ณ‘, ์žฅ์™ธ ๊ฐ์—ผ์€ ์—ฐ์กฐ์ง์—ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ bacteremia, ์‚ฌ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฅธ๋‹ค.

(1) Vibrio parahaemolyticus

โ€ข
Extraintestinal wound infection์€ chronic liver disease๋‚˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ €ํ•˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

(2) Vibrio vulnificus (โ˜…)

์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›๊ท 
1.
3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•; ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ, ์–ด๋ฅ˜์— ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ, ๋ฏผ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•œ ํ›„ ์—ฐ์กฐ์ง ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ฐ ํŒจํ˜ˆ์ฆ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•
2.
40๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ ๋‚จ์„ฑ, chronic liver disease, ESRD, immunosuppressant๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž.
3.
๊ฐ์—ผ์€ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ํ›„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค.
4.
Malaise, fever, vomiting, chills, diarrhea, skin vesiculation ร  necrotizing dermatitis and fasciitis ร  bacteremia, sepsis ร  ๊ดด์‚ฌ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ˆ๋‹จ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (์‚ฌ๋ง ์ตœ๋Œ€ 50%)

(3) Vibrio mimicus

Ear infection์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ
(4) Vibrio alginolyticus
1.
Ear infection, soft tissue infection, sinusitis
2.
ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
(5) Photobacterium damsel
1.
Vibrio-like wound infection.
2.
๊ทผ์œก๊ดด์‚ฌ, ๊ทผ๋ง‰์—ผ, ํŒจํ˜ˆ์ฆ, ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋“ฑ
(6) Vibrio Cholerae
1.
์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋” soft tissue infection๋„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค.
(7) Growth in Culture
1.
ํ•ด์ˆ˜์˜ bacteria์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ํŠน์ • salt๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ media์—์„œ culture๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
(8) Antibiotic Therapy
1.
๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐฐ๊ณผ์ƒ, ์—ด์ƒ ๋“ฑ์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์  ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์ž, ๋ฉด์—ญ์ €ํ•˜์ž, ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ„์งˆํ™˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, PO ciprofloxacin, TMX-SMP, tetracycline ๋˜๋Š” doxycycline์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
2.
Streptococcus species ์—ญ์‹œ ์—ฐ์กฐ์ง ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์ž์ฃผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ปค๋ฒ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก penicillin ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค.
3.
Tintinalliโ€™s : Doxycycline 100mg IV twice a day + 4 cephalosporin + surgical debridement
th

D3. Freshwater Bacteriology

(1) Diversity of organism
๋‹ด์ˆ˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ pathogen์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค.
(2) Wound infections Caused by Aeromonas Species
1.
์—ฐ์กฐ์ง์—ผ (ํŠนํžˆ puncture wound), ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€ ๊ฐ์—ผ
2.
Fever, hypotension, jaundice, ์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ vibrio-like sepsis๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•จ.
3.
Tintinalliโ€™s : Ciprofloxacin (500mg PO, twice a day) ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ . Severe infection์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ antipseudomonal cephalosporin + surgical debridement
(3) Infection Caused by a Fish Pathogen, Streptococcus iniae
1.
์–‘์‹ ์–ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— iniae๊ฐ€ ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์–‘์‹ ์–ด๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง€๋А๋Ÿฌ๋ฏธ, ๋ผˆ, ์–ดํš๋„๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ์— ์ฐ”๋ ค์„œ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ
2.
Lymphangitis, cellulitis (์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ดด์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—†๋Š”), endocarditis, arthritis, encephalitis
3.
์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.
(4) Infection Caused by Desmodesmus armatus
1.
์—ฝ๋ก์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ fungus, case report ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ๊ดด์‚ฌ์กฐ์ง ์ ˆ์ œ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, antifungal agent ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
(5) A General Approach to Antibiotic Therapy
1.
๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜, ๋ฉด์—ญ์žฅ์• , ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ„ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ciprofloxacin (2๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ ํƒ TMX-SMP)์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
2.
๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด staphyllococci๋‚˜ streptococci์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค.
3.
Surgical debridement๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

E. ๊ฐ๋ก 

E1. Shark

Treatment
1.
Immediate threat to like is Hypovolemic shock.
a.
All means available must be used to ligate large, disrupted arteries or to apply compression dressings.
b.
Massive transfusion, fluid resuscitation
2.
Tetanus vaccination, immunoglobulin
3.
Surgical intervention
a.
Dirty-contaminated wound
b.
Intraoperative x-ray : one or more shark teeth
Shark phobia : ์ƒ์กด์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Prevention
1.
์ƒ์–ด์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ผ.
2.
ํ”ผ (์ƒ๋ฆฌํ˜ˆ ํฌํ•จ), ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ”ผ๋Š” ์ƒ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
3.
์ƒ์–ด์˜ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋–ผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ๋ผ.
4.
์ƒ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋†€๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ถ์ง€์— ๋ชฐ์•„๋„ฃ์ง€ ๋งˆ๋ผ.
5.
๋ฌผ์„ ํŠ€๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋™์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค์ง€ ๋งˆ๋ผ.
6.
์ƒ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜๊ณ  ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ์—” ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด์— ๋‘”ํƒํ•œ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ˆˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ผ.

E2. Barracuda (๊ผฌ์น˜๊ณ ๊ธฐ)

โ€ข
Clinical aspect : ์ฃผ๋กœ bites
โ€ข
Treatment : shark์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค.

E3. Moray Eels (๊ณฐ์น˜)

1.
Clinical aspect : ์ฃผ๋กœ bites
2.
Treatment
a.
shark์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค. Eel์ด victim์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ decapitationํ•ด์„œ jaw์˜ ์••๋ฐ•์„ ํ’€์–ด์ค˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
b.
Infection์˜ risk๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๋‹ค. ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด, infection ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์ˆ˜๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

E4. Giant Groupers (๋Œ€์™•๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ)

: ํฐ ๋†์–ด. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฐ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ณ , ์ƒ์–ด์˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•œ๋‹ค.

E5. Sea Lions and Seals

โ€ข
์˜จํ™”ํ•œ ํŽธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹๊ธฐ์—” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์š”์ฆ˜์—” ๋™๋ฌผ์› ์‚ฌ์œก์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
โ€ข
Cephalosporin์ด ํฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ciprofloxacin์ด๋‚˜ tetracycline์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค.

E6. Needlefish (๋™๊ฐˆ์น˜)

ํŠ€์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ ๋‚ ์•„์„œ ๊ด€ํ†ต์ƒ. ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ƒ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„๋„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ํด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, foreign body์— ์œ ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

E6. Large Leaping Fish

ํŠ€์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ ๋‚ ์•„์„œ ๊ด€ํ†ต์ƒ์ด๋‚˜

E7. Killer Whales

์ง€๋Šฅ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žฅ๋‚œ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์‚ฌ์ž๋กœ ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ข‹์€ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
1.
Giant Clams : ํฐ ์กฐ๊ฐœ. ๋ฌผ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋“ค ๋ง์€ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ report๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค.
2.
Giant Squid : ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค.
3.
Giant Octopus : ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€์˜ ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
4.
Giant Manta Ray : ์ฅ๊ฐ€์˜ค๋ฆฌ. ํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํŽธ์ด๋ผ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ์ฐฐ๊ณผ์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
5.
Mantis Shrimp : ์‚ฌ๋งˆ๊ท€ ์ƒˆ์šฐ. ์•ž๋ฐœ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ณ ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ถ€์˜ ์•ˆ๋ฉด ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
1.
Piranha : ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋’ค๊ฟˆ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฌธ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ์ž˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
2.
Snapping Turtle : ๊ฑด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋ฌด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
3.
Triggerfish : ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
4.
Sawfishes : ํŠน์ดํ•œ ๊ธธ์ญ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋นจ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋‘ฅ์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
5.
Stony Corals
a.
Clinical Aspect : Coral cut. ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ํ†ต์ฆ, ํ™๋ฐ˜, ๊ฐ€๋ ค์›€์ฆ. Cellulitis๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
b.
Treatment : ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋ˆ„์™€ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์„ธ์ฒ™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. Suture๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉด delayed suture๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. Topical antibiotics ๊ฐ€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์  ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ธ์ „์ด ์—†์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ steroid๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต 4~15์ฃผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ˜ธ์ „๋œ๋‹ค.
6.
Electric Fish and Rays :
a.
Rays : ์ „์••์ด ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ฑ์ธ์„ ๊ธฐ์ ˆ์‹œ์ผœ ์ต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
b.
์ „๊ธฐ๋ฑ€์žฅ์–ด : ์ „์••์ด ๋†’์•„ (500~650V) ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.