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CHAPTER 04. Avalanches

CHAPTER 4 Avalanches
์ž‘์„ฑ์ž: ์ธ์ฒœ์„ฑ๋ชจ๋ณ‘์› ์ด์ค€์˜
In the United States, approximately 100,000 avalanches occur annually, of which about 100 cause injuries, death, or destruction of property.
1.
Properties of snow
2.
Maritime snow climate : ํญ์„ค๊ณผ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜จํ™”ํ™˜ ๊ธฐํ›„, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹œ์—๋ผ, cascade mountains, british columbia์˜ ํ•ด์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ์— ํ•ด๋‹น
3.
Continental snow: ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ•์„ค๋Ÿ‰, ์ถ”์šด ๊ธฐํ›„, ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ณ ๋„๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ง•, Canadian Rocky mountains, southern Rocky mountains, Brooks range์— ํ•ด๋‹น
4.
Transional snow climate: โ€œintermountainโ€ snow climate
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Strength or hardness: avalanche formation ์— ํฐ ์š”์†Œ
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Density of snow: crystal shape์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. - needle crystal์ด ์••์ถ•๋œ ๋ˆˆ์ด stellar crystal๋กœ ์••์ถ•๋œ ๋ˆˆ๋ณด๋‹ค density ๊ฐ€ 3-4๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค.
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Wind: ์ƒˆ ๋ˆˆ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ, ๋ˆˆ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋” ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์„œ wind slab์„ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋ญ‰์น˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Metamorphism: ๋ˆˆ ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘๊ณผ ์งˆ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”
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Temperature-gradient metamorphism or Kinetic metamorphism :
Depth hoar (sugar snow)์™€ faceted crystals์€ grain ์ ‘์ด‰์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— avalanche ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
10cm๋‹น >1โ€™C ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ temperature gradient์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.
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EQUILIBRIUM METAMORPHISM: snow pack ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, snow texture๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜จ๋„์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 10cm๋‹น ์•ฝ 1โ€™C ์ดํ•˜์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ˆ˜์ฆ๊ธฐ์•• ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” sintering ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” bond growth๋Š” cohesive texture๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
AVALANCHE TYPES
1.
Point release avalanches or a loose snow avalanches
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inverted V shape, cohesionless snow์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€
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๋ˆˆ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์˜ค์ง ์ž‘์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€
1.
Slab avalnches (ํŒ ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ)
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๋” ์•ฝํ•œ ๋ˆˆ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด ์œ„์— ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ˆˆ์˜ cohesive layer๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
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Loose snow avalanche์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ๋ˆˆ์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Dry slab avalanches - ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ 95%์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰
Slab avalanche(ํŒํ˜• ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ) formation
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Loose snow avalanches may still occur in this situation on steep slopes.
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The combination of a basal layer of depth hoar with a cohesive layer above provides the ingredients for slab avalanche danger
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: HOW SNOW DEFORMS ON A SLOPE
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์—ญํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ˜•์€ ํŒํ˜• ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ „ ์ ์„ค ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค.
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์ ์„ค์ด ์ง€๋ฉด๊ณผ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์Œ“์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ง
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์ ์„ค์ด ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์— ์Œ“์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋ ฅ์€ ๋‘ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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์ ์„ค์˜ ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์€ ์™„๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค.
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์›€์ง์ž„์˜ ์†๋„๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋ช‡ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์›€์ง์ด๋‚˜, ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ๊ธฐํ›„์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹น ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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๋ˆˆ์€ ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  viscoelastic material๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.
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Viscous : liquid, elastic: solid
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Viscous formation : warm temperature ์™€ slow application of force
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Very cold temperature or force๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด, ๋ˆˆ์€ elastic material ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํž˜์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด fracutre๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค.
Avalanche dynamics
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์—ญํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ ๊ฒฝ๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Starting zone : ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅธ
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Track : ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ starting zone์—์„œ track์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ track์€ ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋ˆˆ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค.
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Run out zone: ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ track์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ runout zone์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ๋๋‚œ๋‹ค.
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Slope angle : starting zone โ€“ 30-45๋„, track โ€“ 20-30๋„, runout zone - <20๋„
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO AVALANCHE FORMATION
: ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋Š” terrain(์ง€ํ˜•), weather(๊ธฐํ›„), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  snowpack(๋ˆˆ๋ฉ์ด) ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ง€ํ˜• ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‚ ์”จ์™€ snowpack์€ ๋งค์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งค ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค.
1.
Snowfall (๊ฐ•์„ค๋Ÿ‰)
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๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ์˜ 80%์ด์ƒ์€ ํญํ’ ๋™์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ํญํ’ ํ›„ ์ง€์ „์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค.
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Snows of 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) usually produce a few small slides, and some of these harm skiers who release them.
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Snows of 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 feet) produce avalanches of larger size that present considerable threats to skiers and pose closure problems for highways and railways.
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Snows of 60 to 120 cm (2 to 4 feet) are much more dangerous.
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snowfalls of more than 120 cm (4 feet) produce major avalanches that are capable of large-scale destruction.
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These predictions are guidelines that are based on data and experience and must be considered with other factors to arrive at the true hazard. For example, a snowfall of 25 cm (10 inches) whipped by strong winds may be serious; a fall of 60 cm (2 feet) of featherlight snow in the absence of wind may produce no avalanches.
1.
Snowfall intensity
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๋ˆˆ์ด ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์ด ์Œ“์ด๋Š” ์–‘๋งŒํผ ์ค‘์š”.
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A snowfall rate of 2.5 cm (1 inch) or more per hour that is sustained for 10 hours or more is generally a red flag with regard to avalanche danger. The danger worsens if the snowfall is accompanied by wind.
1.
Rain
2.
New snow density and crystal type
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Snow density : percentage of the volume occupied by ice
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New snow density : 7% to 12%, high elevation of Colorado โ€“ 7%; maritime climates of the Sierras and the Cascades โ€“ 12%
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Avalanche danger increases when heavier, denser snow falls on lighter, less dense snow
1.
Wind speed and direction
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A speed of 7 m/s (15 mph) is sufficient to pick up freshly fallen snow
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Speeds of 9 to 22 m/s (20 to 50 mph) are the most efficient for transporting snow into avalanche starting zones
1.
Temperature
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increased temperature clearly produces increased avalanche potential
1.
Depth of snow cover
2.
Weak layers
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Persistent weak layer : most troubling layers๋กœ larger faceted snow, depth hoar, surface hoar๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์•ฝํ•œ ์ธต์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋ˆˆ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด๋‹ค.
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๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ฝํ•œ ์ธต์€ hoar frost or surface hoar ์„œ๋ฆฌ
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ๋Š” surface hoar ์˜ ๊นŠ์€ ์ธต์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 1๋‹ฌ ์ด์ƒ ์ด ์ธต์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6 ํ”ผ๋“œ(180 ์ธ ) ์ด์ƒ ์˜ ๊นŠ์ด๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
SAFE TRAVEL IN AVALANCHE TERRAIN
Identifying avalanche terrain
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ๋Š” 30-45๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘.
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Inclinometer ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ณ„ ; ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ, ์ฝคํŒŒ์Šค๋‚˜ ์Šคํ‚ค ๋ง‰๋Œ€๋กœ๋„ ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ (๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •)
Route finding
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์œต๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๋ถˆ์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ „
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๋ˆˆ์€ ์–•๊ฒŒ ๋ฎํžˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐฌ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๋ฐ”์œ„์— ๋ถ™์–ด์„œ ๋ถˆ์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ์Šคํ‚ค ํƒ€๊ธฐ์— ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Crossing avalanche slopes
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Most avalanches occur during and just after storms.
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Waiting a full day after a storm has ended can allow the snowpack to react to the new snow load and gain strength
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์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์„ ์ง€๋‚ ๋•Œ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ๋‚ซ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ฐ„์€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค.
STABILITY EVALUATION TESTS
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๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎํžŒ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆˆ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋„์™€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ธ์ฆˆ์˜จ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์•ฝํ•œ ์ธต์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜๋ฒ•: to push a ski pole into the snow; ์–‡๊ณ  ์•ฝํ•œ ์ธต(buried surface hoar ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์ธต ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ)์€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€
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To dig a hasty snow pit : snowpack layers๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ; 120 to 150 cm ๊นŠ์ด, 90cm ๋„ˆ๋น„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹ค.
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The shovel shear test (ST) : simple and quick test used to locate weak layers (especially very thin layers)
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A five-point scale is used to rate the shear:
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(1) โ€œvery easyโ€ (STV) if it breaks as the column is being cut or as the shovel is being inserted
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(2) โ€œeasyโ€ (STE) if a gentle pull on the shovel does the job
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(3) โ€œmoderateโ€ (STM) if a slightly stronger pry with the shovel is required
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(4) โ€œhardโ€ (STH) if a solid tug is required
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(5) โ€œno shearโ€ (STN) if no shear failure is observed
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1,2 : weak, 4,5: strong
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Compression test (CT) : 1m ์ •๋„์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์•ฝ์ธต์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ 
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Rutschblock test (RB) : ์Šคํ‚ค์–ด์˜ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์™€ ์Šคํ‚ค์–ด์˜ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
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Extended Column test (ECT) : 2000 ๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋” ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
โ€ข
All tests are prone to misleading results ; CT and RB test ์˜ false stable rate ๊ฐ€ 10-20%
AVALANCHE RESCUE EQUIPMENT
Shovel : ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ ์ง€ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์•ผํ•  ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•ˆ์ „์žฅ๋น„, ์†์ด๋‚˜ ์Šคํ‚ค๋กœ ๋ˆˆ์„ ํŒŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์น˜์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
Probe
Avalanche Rescue Transceiver (beacons) : ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ์— ๋ฌปํžŒ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์žฅ๋น„, ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต 30์—์„œ 50๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€.
๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฌด์„  ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌปํžŒ ํฌ์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ 27%์—์„œ 45%์ด๋‹ค.
์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ๋ฌด์„  ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ, ์••์ถ• ํƒ์นจ ๋˜๋Š” pole, shovel 3๊ฐ€์ง€์ด๋‹ค.
Avalanche Airbag : ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋งค๋ฆฝ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ชฉ์ ,
โ€ข
1985๋…„์— ๋…์ผ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ฐ€ Peter Aschauer๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑํŒฉ์— ๋ถ™์ธ avalanche airbag system (ABS)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ
โ€ข
avalanche airbags reduced mortality from 18.9% without an airbag to 2.9% with an airbag
โ€ข
The airbag works as a result of granular convection โ€œBrazil nut effectโ€ F. 4-20
AvaLung : 1996๋…„์— ํŠนํ—ˆ by Dr. Thomas Crowley, 2000๋…„๋„์— ์ƒ์šฉํ™” original external vest format
โ€ข
๋‚ ์ˆจ๊ณผ ๋“ค์ˆจ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ; expired air๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํก์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€, ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ ๋งค์žฅ์‹œ ์ฃผ์š” ์งˆ์‹์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€
โ€ข
ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ ์Šคํ‚ค์–ด๊ฐ€ 120cm ๊นŠ์ด์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์‚ฌํƒœ ๋งค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ์„๋•Œ 35์—์„œ 45๋ถ„๊ฐ„ avalung์œผ๋กœ ์ˆจ์„ ์‰ฌ์–ด ์ƒ์กดํ•œ ์ผ€์ด์Šค
AVALANCHE RESCUE
INDIVIDUAL RESCUE (SELF-RESCUE)
โ€ข
Escaping to the side ์˜†์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ;
โ—ฆ
๋‚˜๋ฌด ์˜†์—์„œ ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ถ™์žก๊ธฐ โ€“ ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ์— ํœฉ์“ธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.
โ—ฆ
โ€œ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์™ธ์น˜๊ณ , ์ž…์„ ๋‹ซ๊ณ , ์ฝ”๋กœ ์ˆจ์„ ์‰ฌ์–ด ๋ˆˆ์ด ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€
โ—ฆ
Avalung๋“ฑ์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์žฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šคํ”ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ž…์— ๋Œ„๋‹ค.
โ—ฆ
ABS๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ripcord๋ฅผ ๋‹น๊ฒจ์„œ ์—์–ด๋ฐฑ์„ ์ž‘๋™์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.
SMALL-TEAM RESCUE (COMPANION RESCUE)
โ€ข
Calling for help; 30๋ถ„ ์ด์ƒ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์ด ์•ˆ๋˜๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฅ ํƒ์ƒ‰, ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์‹ค์‹œ
โ€ข
Marking the Last-Seen Area; ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์งํ›„ ๋ช‡๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ™œ๋™์ด ํฌ์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ฆ, ํฌ์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ ์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ •๋˜๊ณ , ๋งˆํ‚น์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. (์˜ท, ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ)
Initiate search and scan for clues
Rescue transceivers
์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ๋‚ด์— ๋งค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ณณ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ํƒ์นจ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค.
Probing after transceiver search
โ€ข
2-3m๊นŠ์ด๋กœ ๋ฐ•๊ณ , ํฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ํƒ์ƒ‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ 25cm ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์›ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ํƒ์ƒ‰(F.4-25)
Shoveling techniques
โ€ข
strategic shoveling;
โ—ฆ
๋ˆˆ์„ ํŒŒ๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋†’์ž„(digging efficiency)
โ—ฆ
๋งค๋ฆฝ ๊นŠ์ด์˜ 1.5๋ฐฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์˜†์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆˆ์„ ํŒ๋‹ค.
โ€ข
V-shaped conveyor belt (F.4-27);
โ—ฆ
์ˆ˜์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ผ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ์„๋•Œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ํ”„๋กœํŽ˜์…”๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์งํ™”๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋งž๋‹ค.
PROFESSIONAL RESCUE
Incident Command System;
โ€ข
2003๋…„์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญํ†  ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‘๊ธ‰์ƒํ™ฉ์‹œ ICS๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ œ์ •(PHSD-5)
โ€ข
๋ชจ๋“  ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ™œ๋™์—๋Š” 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์š”์†Œ
โ—ฆ
1. ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ search, 2. ์‘๊ธ‰์ฒ˜์น˜ emergency care, 3. ์ด์†ก transportation, 4. ์ง€์› support
Organized Probing Search Techniques
โ€ข
Organized probing๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๋‹ค ๋А๋ฆฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํƒ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•
โ€ข
40๋…„ ์ด์ƒ, 12๋ช…์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ ฌ๋กœ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  3-3.5m ๊ธธ์ด์˜ probe pole์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰.
โ€ข
์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ 70%๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง
โ€ข
์ตœ์ ์˜ probe-grid spacing์€ 50 cm by 50cm ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋จ (F. 4-28)
โ€ข
Sialom probing technique F.4-29
โ—ฆ
์žฅ์ : ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž ์•ž์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜†์—์„œ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ 
โ—ฆ
๋‹จ์ : ํ›ˆ๋ จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›€
Avalanche Rescue Dogs
RECCO
โ€ข
์ด electronic rescue system (F. 4-30)์€ ์กฐ์งํ™”๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐํŒ€์ด reflector๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋น„ํ•œ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•จ.
โ€ข
2๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒŒํŠธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ: rescuer ๋Š” detector, recreationist๋Š” reflector๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉ
โ€ข
THE AVALANCHE VICTIM
STATISTICS OF AVALANCHE BURIALS
โ€ข
๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ ๋งค๋ฆฝ์‹œ ์ƒ์กด์€ โ€“ grade and duration of burial, asphyxia, trauma, hypothermia์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •
โ€ข
Grade : critical Vs. non โ€“ critical ; full, partial,
โ€ข
๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ง
โ—ฆ
์ฒซ์งธ: traumatic injury โ€“ ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ๋ฐ”์œ„, ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ, ๋ˆˆ์ด blunt or penetrating trauma, 1/4 ์‚ฌ๋ง์ด ์–ผ๊ตด, ๋ชฉ์˜ ์™ธ์ƒ
โ—ฆ
๋‘˜์งธ: snow burial asphyxia , 3/4 ์‚ฌ๋ง
โ—ฆ
Hypothermia๋Š” very small percentage
โ—ฆ
Burial depth/time
โ–ช
Depth: 3m ์ด์ƒ์ผ๋•Œ ์ƒ์กด์ž๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์—†๊ณ , ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ๋Š” 2๋ช…์˜ ์ƒ์กด์ž๊ฐ€ 6-7m ๊นŠ์ด์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋œ ์ผ€์ด์Šค
โ–ช
Time: 30๋ถ„์ด ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž> ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž
Rescue statics (T.4-2, 4-3)
AVALANCHE VICTIM PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICAL TREATMENT AFTER RESCUE
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
โ€ข
Asphyxiation โ€“ m/c cause of death during avalanche burial
โ€ข
15-18๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์‹œ ์ƒ์กดํ™•๋ฅ  90%; ์•ฝ 35๋ถ„ ํ›„์—๋Š” ์ƒ์กดํ™œ๋ฅ ์ด 30-34%๋กœ ๋œ์–ด์ง
โ€ข
30๋ถ„์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ์€ ์—์–ดํฌ์ผ“์ด ํ•„์š”.
โ€ข
T. 4-4 Injuries among Survivors of avalanche accident (partial and total burials)
โ€ข
T. 4-5 pattern of injury avalanche victims
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY OF AVALANCHE BURIAL
โ€ข
Inspired air contains 21% O2 and less than 0.03% CO2;
expired air contains about 16% O2 and 5% CO2
โ€ข
Avalung์€ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ ๋งค๋ฆฝ์‹œ ์ƒ์กด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ (F. 4-37)
โ—ฆ
avalung์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธํก์‹œ hypoxia/hypercapnia๋ฅผ ํ™•์—ฐํžˆ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œํ‚ด (avalung ํ˜ธํก์‹œ ํ‰๊ท  ๋งค๋ฆฝ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ 58๋ถ„ Vs. 500cc airpocket์‹œ 10๋ถ„)
MEDICAL TREATMENT AND RESUSCITATION OF AVALANCHE BURIAL VICTIMS
โ€ข
โ€ข
๋งค์žฅ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 60๋ถ„ ์ดํ•˜์ธ ์‹ฌ์ •์ง€ ํ™˜์ž์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์†Œ์ƒ์ด ์ž˜ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ •์ง€๊ฐ€ ์งˆ์‹์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ.
โ€ข
cardiac arrest was the result of asphyxiation rather than hypothermia
โ€ข
60๋ถ„ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๋งค๋ฆฝ์—์„œ ๊บผ๋‚ด์ง„ ํฌ์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ ค ์žˆ๊ณ , moderate or severe hypothermia ( core termperature <30โ€™C)์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ๋„ ์†Œ์ƒ์ˆ ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” extracorporeal rewarming์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ ์ด์†ก์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. (F. 4-38)
โ€ข
HYPOTHERMIA IN THE AVALANCHE BURIAL VICTIM
โ€ข
์ƒ์กด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋œ ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ ๋งค๋ฆฝ ์ƒ์กด์ž๋Š” hypothermia๊ฐ€ major medical problem
โ€ข
F. 4-39์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ ๋งค๋ฆฝ์‹œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ฒด์˜จ์€ ์•ฝ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” mild hypothermia๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์ถœ ํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒด์˜จ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตฌ์ถœํ•˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ์žฌ๊ฐ€์˜จ์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ•จ.
โ€ข
ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฒด์˜จ ์ธก์ •์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šธ๋•Œ b.4-2์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„
Summary
โ€ข
Asphyxiation is the major cause of death during avalanche burial and is time dependent.
โ€ข
extricated within 15 minutes have a greater than 90% chance of survival.
โ€ข
Survival beyond 30 minutes of burial depends on the presence of an air pocket for breathing
โ€ข
Avalanche burial victims who are not shivering have progressed to moderate or severe hypothermia and require medical transport to a hospital for definitive rewarming
โ€ข
Avalanche victims extricated with a perfusing rhythm who subsequently have a witnessed cardiac arrest from severe hypothermia have a good chance of resuscitation to a perfusing rhythm, and resuscitation efforts should be continued while they are transported to a medical facility capable of extracorporeal rewarming