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T219-2. Lightning burns

A. Epidemiology

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500 case/year(USA), 20~50death/year (์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„๊ฐ„)
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๋‚ ์”จ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์˜ 3%, ๊ณ ์˜จ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•œ๋žญ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์Œ.
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์–ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ํ”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณจํ”„๋‚˜, ์บ ํ•‘ ๋“ฑ์˜ activity๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ํ”ํ•จ.
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70~90%๋Š” ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋‚˜, 3/4๋Š” ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋จ.
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๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋„ ์ „๊ธฐ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ด๋‚˜, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ high-voltage electrical injuries์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ ๋ณด์ž„

B. Pathophysiology

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๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ flashover๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒดํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ง€๋‚˜์นจ.
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์ –์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์ฒดํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ internal injury์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋จ.
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ํฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋Š” magnetic filed๋ฅผ ํญ๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ์˜†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ž…ํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ด๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธ‰์† ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ TM perforation ๋ฐ internal organ contusion ์ผ์œผํ‚ด.
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๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋Š” ํฌ์ƒ์ž ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ๊ธˆ์†๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋…น์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ thermal injury๋ฅผ ์ž…ํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋จ.
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Stunning (Keraunoparalysis) : Neurologic and muscular โ€˜stunningโ€™ - ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ neurologic sign and symptoms๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•จ. : Lower limb weakness (greater than upper limb), abnormal sensory, pallor, coolness, diminished and absent pulses due to excessive autonomous nervous system stimulation

C. Types of lightning strikes

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Direct strike : lightning discharge์— ์ง์ ‘ ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ.
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Side flash : ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋งž์€ ํ›„, ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ.
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Contact strike : ๋งŒ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋งž์€ ํ›„, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•ด ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ.
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Ground current : ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋•…์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งž์€ ํ›„, ๋•…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ.
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Immediate cardiac arrest : Depolarization of the myocardium & sustained asystole
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Immediate respiratory arrest : Depolarization and paralysis of the medullary respiratory center โ†’ ์œ„์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๋ถ€ ๋‹ค external injury ์—†์–ด๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ!

D. Care at the scene

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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์™ธ์ƒ์— ์—์˜ ์‹ฌ์ •์ง€ ํ™˜์ž๋ณด๋‹ค, lightening injury์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃฝ์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ™˜์ž (Respiratory arrest ยฑ cardiac arrest)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ! : ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์†์ƒ์ด ์ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์„ฑ๊ณต์  ์†Œ์ƒ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž„.
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Prolonged CPR์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค!
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Storm : Power line์ด ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ stride potential์ด ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์–ด ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ โ†’ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ์— ๋งž์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ, ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ํ•ด์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.

E. ED Diagnosis and treatment

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ACLS/ATLS๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ABC๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ํ•˜๋„๋ก.
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Lightning์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ cardiac arrest : ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์›์ธ์˜ cardiac arrest๋ณด๋‹ค better prognosis๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์†Œ์ƒ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ.
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Hypotension : Lightning injury๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, hemorrhagic blood loss์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํ•„์š”
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Cutaneous burns : May help identify the current path and suggest potential organ injury

E1. Cardiac effects

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Hypertension, tachycardia๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•จ : Sympathetic stimulation์— ์˜ํ•จ / ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ•„์š”์น˜ ์•Š์Œ.
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Cardiac injury : Global depression of myocardial contractility, coronary artery spasm, pericardial effusion, cardiac dysrhythmias
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EKG finding : ST elevation, QT prolongation, T-wave inversion ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‚˜, MI๋Š” ํ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ.

E2. Neurologic injury

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Unconsciousness, temporary lower extremity paralysis (common)
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Seizure : ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ mechanical brain injury, hypoxia์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
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EDH, SDH, ICH : Heat-induced coagulation of the cerebral cortex (most lethal)
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Autonomic dysfunction : Brain injury์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—†๋Š” pupillary dilatation, anisocoria โ†’ No prognostic significance
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Transient effects (Typically resolve in 24 hours) : Loss of consciousness, confusion, amnesia, and extremity paralysis
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Delayed and often progressive disorders : Seizures, muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonian syndromes, progressive cerebellar ataxia, myelopathy with paraplegia or quadriplegia, and chronic pain syndromes
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๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ intracranial injury ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ : ์˜์‹๋ณ€ํ™”๋‚˜ ๋‘ํ†ต ์‹œ CT scan ํ•„์š”.

E3. Vascular effects

(1) Vasomotor spasm

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Sympathetic nervous stimulation, local arterial spasm, ischemia of peripheral nerves โ†’ Skin color changes from white to blue to red, with pallor and cyanosis followed by hyperemia (ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ณผ ํ™•์žฅ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ž‘)

(2) Severe vasoconstriction

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Loss of pulses, coldness of extremities, loss of sensation, paralysis d/t ischemia of peripheral nerves โ†’ Resolve spontaneously

(3) Skeletal muscle injury, compartment SD (rare)

(4) Ocular injury

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Cataract : ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํžˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” sequelae๋กœ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ์–‘์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ. radiant energy ์˜ํ•œ lens ์†์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์ฃผ ํ˜น์€ ์ˆ˜๋…„ ํ›„์—๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.

(5) Auditory injury

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Tympanic membrane rupture : blast effect ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒ. relatively common
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Lightning strike via a conventional corded telephone : Higher risk for persistent tinnitus, sensorineural deafness, ataxia, vertigo, and nystagmus

(6) Musculoskeletal injury

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Shoulder dislocations : Intense myotonic contraction์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.
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Spinal fractures : by tetanic muscle contraction / falling / other secondary trauma โ†’ Spinal immobilization ์ค‘์š”. โ†’ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ level injury ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ level์—์„œ fracture ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ์‹œ entire veterbral column image ํ•„์š”.
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Rhabomyolysis : Lightning strike ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” unusual

(7) Cutaneous injury

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Lichtenberg figures = Pathognomic for lightning strike, not true thermal injury, 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง. (Fig 219-2)
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Punctate burns : Cigarette burn๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌ. 1cm ๋ฏธ๋งŒ. full-thickness burn (Fig 219-3)
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Flash burns, contact burns, superficial erythema and blistering burns, linear burns ๋“ฑ ์žˆ์Œ โ†’ Cutaneous wounds are treated with customary wound or burn care including tetanus prophylaxis, irrigation, debridement, and dressing

F. Disposition and follow-up

(1) ECG and other monitoring is indicated as for any electric shock

(2) Admission should be considered

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Patients with persistent muscle pain
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Persistent neurologic, cardiac rhythm, or vascular abnormalities

(3) ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ์†์ƒ ์—†์–ด๋„ f/u ๊ถŒ์œ .

G. Special populations

(1) Pregnancy

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Abruptio plancetae ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
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Lightening strike ํ›„ ์ตœ์†Œ 4์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ maternal uterine activity, fetal heart rate monitoring ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•จ.

H. Injury due to electronic control devices

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Cattle prod, stun gun, taser

H1. Clinical features

: ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ superficial punctures, minor laceration, cutaneous burn๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•จ.

H2. Treatment and dispositions

(1) Electronic control device๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์†์ƒ

: Cardiac monitoring์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ testing์€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ.

(2) Initial ECG should be obtained if the patient is symptomatic