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๐Ÿ’ก

T219-1. Electrical Injuries

A. Electrical injury

A1. Introduction

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High-voltage injury : 1,000V ์ด์ƒ
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Low-voltage injury : 1,000V ๋ฏธ๋งŒ
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Electric arc flash burn

A2. Epidemiology

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Incidence : ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 6500๊ฑด (๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ค€), ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์—…๋ฌด ๊ด€๋ จ (61%), Complication rate (10.6%)
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Risk group : Power line worker (high voltage injury) / Electricians (arc burn) - m/c

A3. Basics of current flow

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Fluid & electrolyte content๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์กฐ์ง๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „๊ธฐ์ „๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ž˜๋จ.
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Bone์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ resistance๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์กฐ์ง
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Dry skin์€ resistance๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ  sweaty or wet skin์€ resistance๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์Œ.
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Electric shock์˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” amount / duration / type (AC or DC) / path of current flow ์—ฐ๊ด€๋จ.
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AC & DC
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AC : Standard household electricity / DC : Batteries and lightning is DC 1 ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํŒŒ๋™ (Alternating current fluctuation)์ด V. fib์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— low-frequency (50~60Hz) AC๋Š” ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์˜ DC๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.
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AC current๋Š” muscular tetany ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” electrical source์—์„œ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.
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AC, DC current ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ current source์—์„œ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์ณ์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” severe blunt force injury๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.
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๋ชธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์–ด๋А ๋ชธ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ์†์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์„์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.

A4. Mechanisms of electrical injury

(1) High- & Low-voltage injuries

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Voltage์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ serious & fatal electrical injury ์˜ risk๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ (ํŠนํžˆ, 600V ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ)
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High voltage : Defined as >1000V
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Severe musculoskeletal, visceral, and nervous system injury์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ via ์ „๊ธฐ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์†์ƒ
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๋ฐœ์—ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์†์ƒ
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mechanical injury from trauma induced by a fall or muscle contraction.

(2) Electrical burns

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High voltage : ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•จ.
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Low voltage : ์—ด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ ์–ด์„œ ํ™”์ƒ์€ ํ”์น˜ ์•Š์Œ

(3) Electric Arc Injuries

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์•„ํฌ ๋ฐฉ์ „ : ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐ ์ „๊ทน ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ฆ๊ธฐ ์†์— ์ „์••์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฆ„ โ†’ ์•„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
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ํ™”์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ 10feet ๋ฐ–์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฃฝ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ด์„ ๋‚ด๋ฟœ์Œ
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋˜์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ์ •๋„์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ volt์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ โ†’ ์„ญ์”จ 2๋งŒ๋„ ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šน.
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Arc์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋œ ์—ด ์ž์ฒด์™€ ์˜ท์— ๋ถˆ์ด ๋ถ™์–ด์„œ ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ž…์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.

(4) Tetanic Contractions

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์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ทผ์œ„์ถ• ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ ์œ ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.
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Type (AC or DC), frequency, voltage, ์ ‘์ด‰๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„.
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AC current through forearm : Flexor tetany of fingers and forearm
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๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ทผ์œ„์ถ•์ด ๊ณจ์ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ํƒˆ๊ณจ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ. (especially, around shoulders)
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์†์ด๋‚˜ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ์ „๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฝ‰ ์ฅ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ์ „๋„์ฒด์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ €ํ•ญ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์ด ์ง€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.
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์ „๋„์ฒด ์ ‘์ด‰์ด ์ง€์†๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ heat-related damage๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, tightํ•œ grasp์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋ฉด resistance๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ ธ์„œ ์†์ƒ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ์‹ฌํ•ด์ง (deep tissue์— damage ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚จ.)
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๋ชธํ†ต๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ „๋ฅ˜ : Opisthotonic posturing (ํ™œ๋ชจ์–‘ ๊ฐ•์ง) ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ. โ†’ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์†์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

A5. Clinical features of electical injury

(1) ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์  ํŠน์ง•

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์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ •๋งฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
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ํ˜ธํก์ •์ง€ (ํ˜ธํก๋ถ€์ „)
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๊ฒฝ๋ จ * ํ‰๋ถ€๋ฅผ horizontally or vertically transverse ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •๋งฅ/ํ˜ธํก ๋ถ€์ „ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.

(2) Cardiac injury

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์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ๋„์ฐฉ ์ „, Asystole / V. fib์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ.
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Low voltage injury < 1,000V : ๋ฌด์ฆ์ƒ, ์ •์ƒ EKG๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๋”์ด์ƒ evaluation ํ•  ํ•„์š” ์—†์Œ.(์ดํ›„ ๋ถ€์ •๋งฅ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.) : ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์†์ƒ (Spasm, Thrombosis, Dissection)์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ์†์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ, ์ „๋„์žฅ์•  ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.

(3) CNS and spinal cord injury

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์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ - High-voltage injuries์˜ ์•ฝ 50%์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
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Brain Injury : ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ LOC๋Š” ํ”ํ•จ : Focal neurologic deficit ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ. (Agitation, confusion, coma, seizures, quadriplegia, hemiplegia, aphasia, visual disturbances, blindness) : Head, cervical spine CT - Rule out traumatic etiologies : MRI - Purely electrical damage๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•„์š”
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Spinal Cord Injury : 8% of high-voltage electrical injuries : ์ฒ™์ถ”๊ณจ์ ˆ, ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์†์ƒ, ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์†์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ. : Initial MRI finding - ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์†์ƒ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  MRI๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ. : Newer MRI imaging protocol - Standard MRI์—์„œ ๋†“์นœ abnormalities ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.
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Delayed spinal cord dysfunction Progressive vascular injury (ํŠนํžˆ, spinal artery) or delayed cell membrane damage (์ถ•์ ๋œ free radical ํšจ๊ณผ)์— ์˜ํ•จ โ†’ Progressive demyelination ์œ ๋ฐœ.

(4) Peripheral nerve injury

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๋‘”๊ฐ์ฆ (Paresthesias) : Immediate / Transient / Delayed (up to 2 years)
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Extensive peripheral nerve damage : Minimal thermal injury๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
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Median or ulnar neuropathy : ์†๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์ ‘์ด‰์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ radial nerve injury๋ณด๋‹ค ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜จ๋‹ค. : ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ nerve conduction study๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์ด ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.

(5) Cutaneous burns

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์ „๊ธฐ์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•จ
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DC ์ง๋ฅ˜์ „๋ฅ˜ : Entry and exit wounds
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AC ๊ต๋ฅ˜์ „๋ฅ˜ : Contact wounds
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ํ™”์ƒ ์ „๋ฌธ ์ž…์› ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ : Painless, grey to yellow, depressed areas

(6) Orthopedic injury

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2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์›์ธ : ๊ฒฝ์ง์„ฑ ๊ทผ์œก ์œ„์ถ• / ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ์ถ”๋ฝ
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Wrist, forearm, humerus, femoral necks, shoulder, scapula์€ Trauma ์—†์ด๋„ ์ง‘์—์„œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ. (120~220V AC)
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Posterior shoulder dislocation์ด ํ”ํ•จ.

(7) Vascular and muscle injury

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High-voltage injury์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค
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Early spasm๊ณผ delayed thrombosis, stenosis, aneurysm ์œ ๋ฐœ * High-voltage : 1์ดˆ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์งง์€ ์ ‘์ด‰(or arcing)์—๋„, compartment syndome ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ risk๊ฐ€ ๋†’์Œ : Contact with >1000V๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค - Prehospital cardiac arrest, crush injury, compartment syndrome๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ •๋„์˜ ์ „ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ธต์— ๊ฑธ์นœ skin burns๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, tissue damage์— ์˜ํ•œ body fluids์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†์‹ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€ : Requiring aggressive resuscitation

(8) Coagulation disorders

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Thermal injury or tissue necrosis๋Š” coagulation disorders๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
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Low-grade DIC, transient coagulopathies, unmask underlying vascular injury (ischemic stoke)

(9) Blast injury

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Electric arcs : ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํญ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ strong blast pressure๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.
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Blast์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ mechanical trauma์— ์˜ํ•œ Brain injury, blast์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ alveolar disruption์— ์˜ํ•œ arterial air emboli ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.

(10) Inhalation injury

1 Chemical toxins (e.g. ozone) : Coronas or arcs ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ. 2 Ozone
: Mucous membrane์— ๋ถˆํŽธ๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ , ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์• , ํ์ถœํ˜ˆ ๋ฐ ํ๋ถ€์ข… ์œ ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ. 3 ํ™”์žฌ ๋ฐ ํญ๋ฐœ์— ์˜ํ•œ CO์˜ ํก์ž…์ด๋‚˜, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ toxic substance์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๋…๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ.

(11) Ocular injury

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Cataract : ์ˆ˜์ฃผ, ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋’ค์—๋„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Corneal injury, retinal detachment, uveitis, intraocular hemorrhage/thrombosis, optic nerve damage

(12) Auditory Injury

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Auditory system : Damaged by current or by hemorrhage in the tympanic membrane, middle ear, cochlea, cochlear duct, and vestibular apparatus.
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Delayed complications : Mastoiditis, Sinus thrombosis, Meningitis, and brain abscess.
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์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ complication์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ํ˜น์€ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ๋ผ๋„ hearling loss๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ถˆํŽธ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด formal f/u ํ•จ.

(13) GI injury

: Bowel perforation / Intra-abdominal hemorrhage

A6. Scene and prehospital care

(1) 600V ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๋งˆ๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋„ ์ „๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตฌ์กฐ์šฉ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„  ์•ˆ๋จ.
(2) Scene resusciation and stabilization
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Low-voltage AC๋Š” V. fib์„ ์œ ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ.
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High-voltage AC and DC์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ transient ventricular asystole์„ ์œ ๋ฐœ

A7. ED diagnosis and treatment

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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ABC (airway, breathing, circulation) ๋ฐ major trauma์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ resuscitation ์‹œํ–‰
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Spinal immobilization์€ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ
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Cardiac arrhythmias : ALS guidelines์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด resuscitation ์ง„ํ–‰.
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ED cardiac monitoring : High-voltage injuries & ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ™˜์ž
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Cardiac complications : More common in high-voltage injuries / with LOC /Ventricular & atrial / dysrhythmias / bradydysrhythmias / QT-interval prolongation
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์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์—†๊ณ  EKG๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ์ธ, low-voltage์˜ ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž : ์ž…์› ํ•„์š” ์—†์Œ

(1) P/Ex

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์กฐ์ง ์†์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์™€ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค
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์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰
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Initial assessment์—์„œ์˜ ์ •์ƒ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด๋”๋ผ๋„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์†์ƒ์ด๋‚˜, delayed spinal cord injury๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•จ.

(2) ED evaluation

: should next focus on systematic assessment and treatment
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๋ฐ ์˜์ƒํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ of high-voltage injuries : Trauma guidelines์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฆ„
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Low-voltage injuries : ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ฆ์ƒ, ์‹ ์ฒด์ง„์ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด lab & image ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ํ•„์š” ์—†์Œ

(3) Fluid resusciation

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Parkland formula (4 mL/kg x percentage of body surface area burned, for 24 hours)์— ์˜๊ฑฐ
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Fluid๋Š” Parkland formula and physical examination์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ.

(4) Myoglobinuria

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For monitoring of compartmend SD, rhabomyolysis, AKI
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Urine output 1~2ml/kg/hr ์ด์ƒ ์œ ์ง€.
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Correction and prevention of electrolyte abnormalities
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24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด์— fasciotomy๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์˜ˆํ›„ ์ธ์ž (3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘ 1๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ) (1) Myoglobinuria (2) ์ „์‹ ์˜ 20% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ™”์ƒ (3) ์ „์‹  12% ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ full-thickness burn

A8. Disposition and follow-up

(1) Low-Voltage Injuries (600V ๋ฏธ๋งŒ)

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Asymptomatic + โ‰ค240 V AC + Normal ECG/PEx โ†’ ๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
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Feel unwell or have any new ECG abnormality โ†’ Monitoring ๋ฐ ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€
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Symptoms beyond superficial skin injury or abnormal lab/ECG โ†’ May have systemic injury & admission ํ•„์š”

(2) High-Voltage Injuries (600V ์ด์ƒ)

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โ‰ฅ 600V AC, ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์†์ƒ์ด ์—†๋”๋ผ๋„ observation์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž…์›์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ•„์š”!
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Asymptomatic + Normal ECG : Routine cardiac monitoring์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์Œ.

A9. Special populations

(1) Pregnant women

: IUP 20~24wks โ€“ Fetal heart rate & uterine activity ์ ์–ด๋„ 4์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ monitoring ํ•„์š”

(2) Children

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Oral and Lip Burns
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Unilateral, involving the lateral commissure, tongue, and/or alveolar ridge
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Systemic complications : ํ”์น˜์•Š์Œ
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์ž…์ˆ ๋™๋งฅ์˜ ์†์ƒ : ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Œ. : Severe bleeding up to 10% (after 5 days) : Bleeding may occur up to 2 weeks after injury

(3) Hand Wounds

: ๋‹ค๋ฅธ injury๋‚˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์  ์ฆ์ƒ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉด discharged after local wound care